Common Elements Approaches to Implementation Research and Practice: Methods and Integration with Intervention Science
Open accessAbstract
We propose that common elements approaches can advance implementation research and practice and facilitate pragmatic use of intervention and implementation evidence. Common elements are practices or processes frequently shared by interventions or implementations. Traditional common elements methodologies use synthesis, distillation, and statistics to describe and evaluate the merit of common ingredients in effective interventions. Recent developments include identifying and testing common configurations of elements, processes, and context variables across the literature of effective interventions and implementations. While common elements thinking has grown popular in intervention science, it has rarely been utilized in implementation science, and specifically, combined with the intervention literature. The goals of this conceptual methodology paper are to (1) provide an overview of the common elements concept and how it may advance implementation research and usability for practice, (2) give a step-by-step guide to systematic common elements reviews that synthesizes and distills the intervention and implementation literature together, and (3) offer recommendations for advancing element-level evidence in implementation science. A narrative review of the common elements literature was conducted with attention to applications to implementation research. A six-step guide to using an advanced common elements methodology was provided. Examples of potential results are presented, along with a review of the implications for implementation research and practice. Finally, we reviewed methodological limitations in current common elements approaches, and identified steps towards realizing their potential. Common elements methodologies can (a) synthesize and distill the implementation science literature into practical applications, (b) generate evidence-informed hypotheses about key elements and determinants in implementation and intervention processes and mechanisms, and (c) promote evidence-informed precision tailoring of intervention and implementation to context. To realize this potential, common elements approaches need improved reporting of details from both successful and unsuccessful intervention and implementation research, more data availability, and more testing and investigation of causal processes and mechanisms of change from diverse theories.
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Significant heterogeneity in the ways in which implementation outcomes are operationalized and reported is a substantial barrier to conducting large-scale meta-analytic approaches to synthesizing evidence for implementation strategies.
“Further, the significant heterogeneity in the ways in which implementation outcomes are operationalized and reported is a substantial barrier to conducting large-scale meta-analytic approaches to synthesizing evidence for implementation strategies [67].”
From A systematic review of experimentally tested implementation strategies across health and human service settings: evidence from 2010-2022 (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Engell, T., Stadnick, N. A., Aarons, G. A., & Barnett, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (NO)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Engell, Thomas
- Venue
- Global Implementation Research and Applications
- Published
- 2023-03-22
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 2662-9275 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10063479
- OpenAlex
- W4353041354
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 13.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Implementation Research and Applications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (R03MH117493, P50MH126231, K01MH110608)
- National Institutes of Health (R34 MH120190, R01MD017222, U01MD018308, P50MH126231)
- Borchard Foundation
- Wedel Jarlsberg Fond
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA049891, R01DA038466)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Keywords
- common elements, implementation research, intervention research, distillation, implementation context
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