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Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics
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“Decisions tend to be more accurate if subjects are given longer exposure to a stimulus (Green and Luce, 1973;Wickelgren, 1977;Gold and Shadlen, 2000;Mateeff et al., 2000)”
From Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task (2002) · cites this paper as Wickelgren, 1977
In the citing paper
“There is often a tradeoff between speed and accuracy: performance improves with slower response times (Wickelgren, 1977).”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Wickelgren, 1977
Citations
Cites
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Factors affecting numerical typing performance of young adults in a hear-and-type task
Lin, C.-J., & Wu, C. (2011) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.622794 · Cited by 11
“some combination of these techniques (Wickelgren 1977).”
Bresin, K., Hilmert, C. J., Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.007 · Cited by 11
“There is sometimes, then, what is termed a speed-accuracy tradeoff such that fast responders trade speed for accuracy and exhibit many errors as a result (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundXiao, Y. J., Coppin, G., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1237822 · Cited by 12
“This is rather difficult to achieve in split-second fashion due to a speed–accuracy trade-off (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundGas, B. L., Buckarma, E. H., Cook, D. A., Farley, D. R., & Pusic, M. V. (2018) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002167 · Cited by 10
On simple movements and complex theories (and vice versa)
Newell, K. M., van Emmerik, R. E. A., & McDonald, P. V. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00048469 · Cited by 11
Are knowledge ascriptions sensitive to social context?
Jackson, A. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03176-7 · Cited by 10
“2009; Heitz, 2014; Wickelgren, 1977), and the balance they strike depends partly on how much it at stake in a given decision.”
BackgroundInterface Design for Crowdsourcing Hierarchical Multi-Label Text Annotations
Stureborg, R., Dhingra, B., & Yang, J. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581431 · Cited by 10
“However, work in psychology has long known that there is a tradeoff between speed and accuracy for any information processing task a human performs [53].”
BackgroundMotivational Vigor in Parkinson's Disease Requires the Short and Long Duration Response to Levodopa
Brissenden, J. A., Scerbak, T., Albin, R. L., & Lee, T. G. (2023) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29659 · Cited by 12
“36,37 To address this possibility, we computed a composite measure of overall performance, movement ef fi ciency, approximately equivalent to the balanced integration score described previously (Supplementary Methods).”
MethodLatscha, M., Schwaninger, A., Sauer, J., & Sterchi, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2024.103598 · Cited by 11
Chen, S., Geng, J., Meng, L., He, S., & Weng, W. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112700 · Cited by 10
Policing Fish at Boston's Museum of Science: Studying Audiovisual Interaction in the Wild
Goldberg, H., Sun, Y., Hickey, T. J., Shinn‐Cunningham, B. G., & Sekuler, R. (2015) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669515599332 · Cited by 10
“We were interested in the possibility that subjects might have been trading accuracy for speed of response (Beilock, Bertenthal, Hoerger, & Carr, 2008; Heitz, 2014; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundPanis, S., Moran, R., Wolkersdorfer, M. P., & Schmidt, T. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01897-z · Cited by 10
Rational inference strategies and the genesis of polarization and extremism
Kvam, P. D., Alaukik, A., Mims, C. E., Martemyanova, A., & Baldwin, M. W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11389-0 · Cited by 13
Cognitive processing biases associated with fear of childbirth
Beal, E. M., Slade, P., & Krahé, C. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102761 · Cited by 10
“However, due to the task being completed in participants ’ homes and outside of the lab, there was perhaps an accuracy-speed trade-off (Wickelgren, 1977).”
Test–retest reliability of eye tracking measures in a computerized Trail Making Test
Recker, L., & Poth, C. H. (2023) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.23.8.15 · Cited by 10
“The ability to shift between the emphasis on speed or accuracy seems to present one of the most fundamental internal priorities we can set affecting almost any given task (Carrasco & McElree, 2001; Dietze & Poth, 2022; Heitz, 2014; Rae, Heathcote, Donkin, Averell, & Brown, 2014; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundStochastic accumulation of feature information in perception and memory
Kent, C. D., Guest, D., Adelman, J. S., & Lamberts, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00412 · Cited by 9
“Although useful for many purposes, using RTs as a dependent measure, however, can confound processing time (forcing a quick response) with the time of stimulus exposure (brief stimulus durations; Wickelgren, 1977).”
MethodSlezak, D. F., & Sigman, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0025761 · Cited by 13
Zhao, Y., Heinke, D. G., Ivanoff, J., Klein, R. M., & Humphreys, G. W. (2011) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0181-z · Cited by 10
“Fit of SAT function We used the following mathematical description of the SAT-function to fit the data of d’ for each TTOA condition and average processing time (TTOA plus RTs for correct responses) for that condition (Liu & Smith, 2009; Wickelgren, 1977):”
MethodInfluentialSummerfield, C., & Blangero, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805308-9.00012-9 · Cited by 17
Roncaglia-Denissen, M. P., Bouwer, F. L., & Honing, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00038 · Cited by 11
“Such an effect could result from the tradeoff between speed and accuracy (Wickelgren, 1977; Heitz and Schall, 2012), i.e., participants were faster but also made more errors responding to language incorrect than correct syntax.”
BackgroundAge Differences in Day-To-Day Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs: Results from the COGITO Study
Ghisletta, P., Joly-Burra, E., Aichele, S., Lindenberger, U., & Schmiedek, F. (2018) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2018.1463194 · Cited by 10
“…include verbal instructions (emphasizing either speed or accuracy), payoffs (rewarding correct answers and penalizing errors), temporal deadlines for task completion, varying response-to-stimulus intervals, and stimulus strength (Heitz, 2014; Palmer, Huk, & Shadlen, 2005; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundAlerting, orienting, and executive control in intellectually gifted children
Aubry, A., & Bourdin, B. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2148 · Cited by 15
“Both dependent variables were considered as performance indicators for attentional networks in terms of speed and accuracy (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundGivon, E., Udelsman-Danieli, G., Almagor, O., Fekete, T., Shriki, O., & Meiran, N. (2022) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211063915 · Cited by 9
“In these experiments, we examined whether counter-normative emotion reports show classical error-related effects typically shown in perceptual-decision tasks: post-error slowing (PES; Laming, 1968; Rabbitt & Rodgers, 1977), speed/accuracy trade-offs (Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977), a heavier right tail of…”
BackgroundPhasic Alertness is Unaffected by the Attentional Set for Orienting
Dietze, N., & Poth, C. H. (2022) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.242 · Cited by 11
A NEUROIMAGING APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTION AND SPEED-ACCURACY TRADEOFF
van Veen, V. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 10
Drechsler, R., Rizzo, P., & Steinhausen, H. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-31 · Cited by 10
“The evaluation of the speed-accuracy trade-off itself has been approached from different methodological standpoints, to begin with classical cognitive psychology over signal detection theory ([54,55], for reviews see [56,57]) and proceeded to methods based on algorithms defining task efficiency [58].”
MethodSteinborn, M. B., Flehmig, H. C., Westhoff, K., & Langner, R. (2008) · Psychology science · Cited by 10
Modeling the time course of feature perception and feature information retrieval
Kent, C. D., & Lamberts, K. (2006) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.010 · Cited by 10
Kondraske, G. V. (2002) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2000.900656 · Cited by 10
Force requirements and patterns of muscle activity
Hoffman, D. S., & Strick, P. L. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00048378 · Cited by 10
Fast then slow: A choice process explanation for the attraction effectPreprint
Gaudeul, A., & Crosetto, P. (2019) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10
Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K. L. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0411 · Cited by 11
Using AI Uncertainty Quantification to Improve Human Decision-MakingPreprint
Marusich, L. R., Bakdash, J. Z., Zhou, Y., & Kantarcıoğlu, M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6syfv · Cited by 13
Effects of additive sensory noise on cognition
Sherman, S. O., Greenstein, M., Basner, M., Clark, T. K., & Anderson, A. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1092154 · Cited by 9
“However, the speed-accuracy tradeoff is confounding when evaluating improved performance (Wicklegren, 1977).”
BackgroundThe forced-response method: A new chronometric approach to measure conflict processing
Lee, T. G., Sellers, J., Jonides, J., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02516-y · Cited by 11
“Arguments for the superiority of explicitly measuring speed–accuracy trade-offs relative to free-RT experiments are not new (e.g., Wickelgren, 1977).”
InfluentialNguyen, Q. N., Michon, K. J., Vesia, M., & Lee, T. G. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2015-23.2025 · Cited by 11
The Psychology and Psychobiology of Simple Decisions: Speeded Choice and Its Neural Correlates
Sewell, D. K., & Smith, P. L. (2016) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35923-1_14 · Cited by 9
Chunking as a rational solution to the speed–accuracy trade-off in a serial reaction time task
Wu, S., Éltető, N., Dasgupta, I., & Schulz, E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31500-3 · Cited by 12
Kaushik, K., de Kort, A. D., van Dort, R., van der Zwet, R. G. J., Siegerink, B., Voigt, S., van Zwet, E. V., van der Plas, M. C., Koemans, E., Rasing, I., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01445-4 · Cited by 7
“Another explanation might be that answering strategies, such as speed-accuracy trade-off for errorless performance, are not captured in quantitative analysis of neuropsychological tests [44, 45].”
BackgroundHaste makes waste, but not for all: The speed-accuracy trade-off does not apply to neurotics
Bell, J. J., Mawn, L., & Poynor, R. (2013) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.07.001 · Cited by 9
Augmented Reality as a Countermeasure for Sleep Deprivation
Baumeister, J., Dorrian, J., Banks, S., Chatburn, A., Smith, R., Carskadon, M. A., Lushington, K., & Thomas, B. H. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2016.2518133 · Cited by 9
“is a well researched phenomenon [51].”
Leimbach, F., Georgiev, D., Vladimir Litvak, A., Antoniades, C. A., Limousin, P. D., Jahanshahi, M., & Bogacz, R. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01252 · Cited by 8
“Humans and animals have an ability to adjust the decision threshold according to instructions to be fast or accurate or according to task demands (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundState Estimation via Communication for Monitoring
Kapourchali, M. H., & Banerjee, B. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tetci.2019.2901540 · Cited by 9
“The confidence threshold ( d ) is used in the model to manage speed-accuracy trade-off [45].”
MethodRevealing multisensory benefit with diffusion modeling
Murray, C. A., de Larrea-Mancera, E. S. L., Glicksohn, A., Shams, L. B., & Seitz, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102449 · Cited by 9
Castagna, P. J., & Crowley, M. J. (2021) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2021.1952206 · Cited by 9
“One issue with utilizing mean RT as a measure of cognitive performance is that speed–accuracy trade-offs are notoriously difficult to interpret (Wagenmakers, Van Der Maas, & Grasman, 2007; Wickelgren, 1977) – slower RTs suggests poorer performance, but better accuracy suggests better performance.”
Behavioral properties of saccades generated as a choice response
Thiem, P. D., Hill, J. A., Lee, K., & Keller, E. L. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1239-y · Cited by 9
“For example, an increase in reaction time as the diYculty of the task was increased (higher NA) was characterized as a speed-accuracy trade-oV (Luce 1986; Wickelgren 1977 ).”
BackgroundResultEnumeration of small and large numerosities in adolescents with mathematical learning disorders
Ceulemans, A., Titeca, D., Loeys, T., Hoppenbrouwers, K., Rousseau, S., & Desoete, A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.10.018 · Cited by 9
Adapting the task-taxon-task methodology to model the impact of chemical protective gear
Mueller, S. T., Simpkins, B. G., Anno, G. H., Fallon, C. K., Price, O. T., & McClellan, G. E. (2011) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-011-9093-7 · Cited by 9
“Such tasks can produce what is known as the speed-accuracy trade-off, which has been studied extensively in basic and applied settings (e.g., Pachella and Pew 1968; Wickelgren 1977; MacKay 1982; Meyer et al. 1990).”
BackgroundLimeri, L. B., & Morehouse, N. I. (2014) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12244 · Cited by 9
“In the field, mate-searching males face a series of tradeoffs, including speed-accuracy trade-offs for visual discrimination (Wickelgren 1977) and decision-making (Chittka, Skorupski & Raine 2009).”
BackgroundReflection-Impulsivity Assessed Through Performance Differences in a Computerized Spatial Task
Quiroga, M. Á., Martínez‐Molina, A., Lozano, J. H., & Santacreu, J. (2011) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000038 · Cited by 9
“SATO refers to individual differences in the balance between speed and accuracy when solving a task with a time limit (Dennis & Evans, 1996; Lohman, 1986, 1990; Wickelgren, 1977; Wright & Dennis, 1999).”
BackgroundMobley, R. B., Tillotson, M. L., & BOUGHMAN, J. W. (2016) · Cited by 9
8 Gradient Perception of Intonation
Féry, C., & Stoel, R. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0008 · Cited by 9
Le, V.-M., Ho, T. V., & Zucker, J. (2017) · International Conference on Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/icist.2017.7926787 · Cited by 9
“The trade off between the speed and accuracy is a regular relation in the reality (an example presented by [7]) as well as in computer science (a case study described by [8]).”
BackgroundThe role of memory in language and communication
Dyke, J. A. V. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-07201-4.00014-3 · Cited by 9
Technical Considerations Regarding the Short (dit)-Long (dah) Key Press Paradigm
Klapp, S. T., & Greim, D. M. (1981) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1981.10735232 · Cited by 9
Braking may be more critical than acceleration
MacKay, W. A. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00048445 · Cited by 9
The Determinants of Reaction Times: Influence of Stimulus Intensity
Janssen, S. T. (2015) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 9
Multi-dimensional characterizations of operator state: A validation of oculomotor metrics.
Sirevaag, E. J., Rohrbaugh, J., Stern, J. A., Vedeniapin, A. B., Packingham, K. D., & LaJonchere, C. M. (1999) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e412702004-001 · Cited by 9
The Development of Sound Localization Latency in Infants and Young Children with Normal Hearing
Eklöf, M., Asp, F., & Berninger, E. (2022) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/23312165221088398 · Cited by 8
“Wickelgren (1977) and Fitts (1966) argue that analysis of behavioral responses should not only consider accuracy but also take latency into account.”
BackgroundDegenerate boundaries for multiple-alternative decisions
Baker, S.-A., Griffith, T., & Lepora, N. F. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32741-y · Cited by 8
“We also find that violation of regularity is congruent with IIA violation: adding a third option reduces the belief value of the original options (equation (5)) while also reducing the difference in belief values (equation (6)).”
BackgroundTesting Replicability and Generalizability of the Time on Task Effect
Krämer, R. J., Koch, M., Levacher, J., & Schmitz, F. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11050082 · Cited by 8
Assessing the Speed–Accuracy Tradeoff in Psychological Testing Using Experimental Manipulations
Alfers, T., Gittler, G., Ulitzsch, E., & Pohl, S. (2024) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644241271309 · Cited by 10
“…responding to an item; that is, the ability level to which the curve converges with a decrease in effective speed) as well as the rate of trading ability for an increase in effective speed (i.e., the gradient at a given point of the SAT curve; Goldhammer, 2015; Pohl et al., 2021; Wickelgren, 1977).”
Attention Rhythmically Shapes Sensory Tuning
Galas, L., Donovan, I., & Dugué, L. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1616-24.2024 · Cited by 8
Under pressure in the Eriksen flanker task
Lubbe, R. H. J. V. D., Panek, B., Szumska, I., & Asanowicz, D. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.108986 · Cited by 9
Probing the decision-making mechanisms underlying choice between drug and nondrug rewards in rats
Vandaele, Y., Lenoir, M., Vouillac‐Mendoza, C., Guillem, K., & Ahmed, S. H. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.64993 · Cited by 8
“…behavior is highly flexible in adapting to new environmental contingencies, weighting the pros and cons of multiple choice outcomes to select the most valuable option requires higher cognitive demand and is therefore time-consuming (Keramati et al., 2011; Wickelgren, 1977; Gold and Shadlen, 2007).”
Methods for Measuring Speededness: Chronology, Classification, and Ensuing Research and Development
Cintron, D. W. (2021) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12337 · Cited by 8
Fitousi, D. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25081239 · Cited by 9
“A methodology for measuring information transmission with RT and accuracy does exist based on the notion of speed accuracy tradeoff (SAT) [64,69,70]—the observed regularity by which the probability of correct response increases as RTs get longer.”
MethodFu, H., & Yang, C.-T. (2024) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.12.003 · Cited by 9
Cox, E. J., Sperandio, I., Laycock, R., & Chouinard, P. A. (2018) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.09.008 · Cited by 8
“However, to rule out the presence of a speed-accuracy trade-off effect, accuracy and reaction time scores for each participant were averaged across all conditions and then correlated (Wickelgren, 1977).”
Liu, W., Dempo, A., & Shinohara, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920878 · Cited by 9
“In the power-on condition in experiment 1, the reaction time was shorter, but the accuracy was lower, reflecting a speed-accuracy tradeoff (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundSwitching time between overt and covert speech: Generative attention
Weber, R. J., Blagowsky, J., & Mankin, R. W. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202437 · Cited by 8
A Queueing Model Based Intelligent Human–Machine Task Allocator
Wu, C., Liu, Y., & Lin, B. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2012.2187351 · Cited by 8
Bi-directional audiovisual influences on temporal modulation discrimination
Varghese, L., Mathias, S. R., Bensussen, S., Chou, K. F., Goldberg, H. R., Sun, Y., Sekuler, R., & Shinn‐Cunningham, B. G. (2017) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4979470 · Cited by 8
“However, analysis of RT data is often difficult in the presence of differences in accuracy due to speed-accuracy trade-offs (Wickelgren, 1977; Heitz, 2014) or distributional changes in RT across conditions (Speckman et al., 2008).”
MethodEarly dynamics of stereoscopic surface slant perception
Caziot, B., Backus, B. T., & Lin, E. (2017) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/17.14.4 · Cited by 8
“SATFs are composed of two parts (Heitz, 2014; Luce, 1986; Pachella, 1974; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
Prominence-sensitive pronoun resolution: New evidence from the speed-accuracy tradeoff procedure.
Kush, D., Johns, C. L., & Dyke, J. A. V. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000646 · Cited by 8
“It accomplishes this by modeling the full time course of processing – for example, from prior to the formation of a syntactic dependency, through a period of retrieval, and continuing until well after dependency integration has occurred (e.g., Dosher, 1976; Reed, 1973; Wickelgren, 1977).”
Training Motor Sequences: Effects of Speed and Accuracy Instructions
Barnhoorn, J., Panzer, S., Godde, B., & Verwey, W. B. (2018) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2018.1528202 · Cited by 9
“We here do not discuss the speed-accuracy tradeoff literature that is usually focused on choice RT tasks (e.g., Bogacz, Wagenmakers, Forstmann, & Nieuwenhuis, 2010; Heitz, 2014; Wickelgren, 1977), as those studies usually involve neither learning nor executing movement sequences.”
MethodFreeman, C. G., Saccone, E. J., & Chouinard, P. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222564 · Cited by 8
“Finally, to confirm a difference in difficulty between high-load and low-load tasks, paired samples t-tests were conducted on accuracy and reaction time for both conditions, with both reaction time and accuracy being considered to account for potential speed-accuracy trade-offs [44].”
MethodA Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Hierarchical Model Based on Cognitive Experiment
Guo, X., Luo, Z., & Yu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02910 · Cited by 9
“Unlike the traditional reaction time experiment, Reed (1973) and Wickelgren (1977) proposed a SAT experimental paradigm.”
MethodLawrence, W. M., Ying, L. E. Y., Lam, Y. C., Rusak, B., Chia-huei, T., Chun, L. T. M., & Kwok, W. Y. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa140 · Cited by 8
“The Wake group appeared to display a higher risk-taking tendency, accompanied by increased sleepiness, characterizing an impulsive pattern of decision-making (Wickelgren, 1977; Heitz, 2014).”
BackgroundPrototypicality Judgements as Inverted Perception
Boersma, P. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0009 · Cited by 28
Collaborative search in a mock baggage screening task.
Enright, A., & McCarley, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000216 · Cited by 8
McCormick, P. A., & Francis, L. (2005) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2005.20 · Cited by 8
“Despite the strong recommendation of Wickelgren [48] and the nature of the controversies presented earlier, which seem to call for a speed-accuracy tradeoff analysis of cuing effects, none have yet been done.”
BackgroundInfluentialHarvesting Collective Intelligence: Temporal Behavior in Yahoo AnswersPreprint
Aperjis, C., Huberman, B. A., & Wu, F. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1001.2320 · Cited by 8
“Anyone posting a question faces the following tradeoff at any given point in time.”
BackgroundAssociative processes and strategies in disjunctive reaction time
Grice, G. R., Hunt, R. R., Kushner, B. A., & Nullmeyer, R. (1976) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213200 · Cited by 8
Interactive Processes in Reading: Where Do We Stand?
Lesgold, A. M., & Perfetti, C. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315108506-15 · Cited by 8
Algorithm Reliance, Fast and SlowPreprint
Snyder, C., Keppler, S. M., & Leider, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4066823 · Cited by 8
Balance between breadth and depth in human many-alternative decisions
Vidal, A., Soto‐Faraco, S., & Moreno‐Bote, R. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.76985 · Cited by 8
“Dilemmas such as speed or accuracy (Fitts, 1966; Wickelgren, 1977), 596 exploration or exploitation (March, 1991), breadth or depth, are zero-sum situations.”
Spratford, W., Kenneally-Dabrowski, C., Byrne, S., Hicks, A., & Portus, M. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/1747954116667103 · Cited by 7
A stress mindset manipulation can affect speakers’ articulation rate
Baynard-Montague, J., & James, L. E. (2023) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2023.2179621 · Cited by 7
“Increased accuracy on cognitive tasks can be obtained by responding more slowly (see Wickelgren, 1977, for a discussion of the history and usefulness of understanding speed-accuracy tradeoffs).”
BackgroundIwane, F., Dash, D., Salamanca-Giron, R., Hayward, W., Bönstrup, M., Buch, E. R., & Cohen, L. G. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.040 · Cited by 6
Yamanaka, S., Takaku, T., Funazaki, Y., Seto, N., & Nakamura, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3626466 · Cited by 8
“See also [49] for more general cases on speed-accuracy tradeoffs in psychology.”
BackgroundImpact of repetitive mouse clicking on forearm muscle fatigue and mouse aiming performance
Forman, G. N., Melchiorre, L. P., & Holmes, M. W. R. (2024) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104284 · Cited by 7
Urgency enforces stimulus-driven action across spatial and numerical cognitive control tasks
Krause, A., & Poth, C. H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322482 · Cited by 7
“The speed-accuracy trade-off describes the phenomenon that performance is better for slower reactions and decreases for faster reactions [48] and is quite general to multiple tasks [49].”
Ivanoff, J., Blagdon, R. A., Feener, S., McNeil, M., & Muir, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00243 · Cited by 7
Wassersug, R. J., & Hamilton, L. D. (2018) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-017-0085-9 · Cited by 7
Espinoza, T. R., Hendershot, K. A., Liu, B., Knežević, A., Jacobs, B. B., Gore, R. K., Guskiewicz, K. M., Bazarian, J. J., Phelps, S. E., Wright, D. W., et al. (2021) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2020.0022 · Cited by 7
Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Information Processing Speed
Kendall, B. J., Siekirk, N. J., & Lai, Q. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004029 · Cited by 7
Acquired reading impairment following brain injury
Balani, A. B., & Bickerton, W. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2023.2165923 · Cited by 7
“Speed – Accuracy tradeoff: this happens when the person spends more time on the task at hand in order to increase response accuracy (Wickelgren, 1977).”
Kroneisen, M., Erdfelder, E., Groß, R. M., & Janczyk, M. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02340-z · Cited by 7
“However, it is standard to analyze error rates in the respective tasks in addition (here: in the tone classification) to control for the possibility that a speed-accuracy tradeoff is responsible for an observed RT effect (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundA Multi-Area Stochastic Model for a Covert Visual Search Task
Schwemmer, M. A., Feng, S. F., Holmes, P. J., Gottlieb, J. P., & Cohen, J. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136097 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wickelgren, W. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wickelgren, Wayne A.
- Venue
- Acta Psychologica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1977-02
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-85
- ISSN
- 0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973624057
- Cited by
- 1,304
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 17.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- speed-accuracy trade-off, reaction time, response deadlines, payoffs, perceptual processing, recognition memory
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