Cited by 1,304Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Abilities and Testing

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Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics

Wickelgren, Wayne A.·1977·Acta Psychologica

DOI 10.1016/0001-6918(77)90012-9

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“…and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK 4 Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK 1 3 quickly or accurately (Woodworth 1899; Fitts 1966; Wickelgren 1977; Dickman and Meyer 1988).”
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Background
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“, [1]) and has been observed in the behavior of many other animals, from rats to bees and even slime mould [2–5].”
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“SAT functions have been used for years by investigators of cognitive processes such as semantic and recognition memory (Reed, 1973; Dosher, 1976; Wickelgren , Corbett & Dosher, 1980; for overviews of the SAT method see Wickelgren, 1977 and Dosher, 1979).”
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“This can be accomplished, for example, with the response signal method (e.g., Carrasco, Giordano, & McElree, 2006; Miller, Sproesser, & Ulrich, 2008; Ratcliff, 2006; Wickelgren, 1977).”
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“Of particular importance is the speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT) [6], a universal and pervasive phenomenon that must be accommodated by any”
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“In this way, the scoring rule discourages fast guessing and imposes an explicit speed–accuracy trade-off (Wickelgren, 1977).”
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“The speed-accuracy tradeoff occurs when respondents elect to make faster responses at the expense of a lower probability of a correct choice, or vice versa – making more accurate but slower decisions (for early work, see Pachella, 1974; Reed, 1974; Swensson, 1972; Wickelgren, 1977; for recent review, see Heitz, 2014).”
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Wilkening, J., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2011) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23196-4_1 · Cited by 41
Unifying practice schedules in the timescales of motor learning and performance
Verhoeven, F. M., & Newell, K. M. (2018) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.004 · Cited by 42
The impact of speed and bias on the cognitive processes of experts and novices in medical image decision-making
Trueblood, J. S., Holmes, W. R., Seegmiller, A. C., Douds, J. J., Compton, M., Szentirmai, E., Woodruff, M., Huang, W., Stratton, C. W., & Eichbaum, Q. G. (2018) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-018-0119-2 · Cited by 43
“Toward this end, we take a joint experimental and modeling approach utilizing experimental paradigms and modeling methods previously developed in the course of basic research on perceptual decision-making (Ratcliff & Smith, 2004; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
Method
Emotional changes during experimentally induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes
Hermanns, N., Kubiak, T., Kulzer, B., & Haak, T. (2003) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(03)00027-9 · Cited by 40
Does temporal preparation increase the rate of sensory information accumulation?
Seibold, V. C., Bausenhart, K. M., Rolke, B., & Ulrich, R. (2011) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.02.006 · Cited by 42
Experimental paradigms emphasising state or process limitations: I effects on speed-accuracy tradeoffs
Vickers, D., Burt, J. S., Smith, P. L., & Brown, M. (1985) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(85)90017-4 · Cited by 40
Speed, Accuracy, and Serial Order in Sequence Production
Pfordresher, P. Q., Palmėr, C., & Jungers, M. K. (2007) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1080/03640210709336985 · Cited by 45
A psychophysiological investigation of cognitive-energetic relations in human information processing: A heart rate / additive factors approach
van der Molen, M. W., Somsen, R. J. M., Jennings, J. R., Nieuwboer, R., & Orlebeke, J. F. (1987) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(87)90039-4 · Cited by 41
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Brain and Behavior: Testing the Independence of P300 and N400 Related Processes in Behavioral Responses to Sentence Categorization
Alday, P. M., & Kretzschmar, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00285 · Cited by 39
“That is, participants may trade response speed for accuracy or vice versa, for instance when adapting their decision criterion to the experimental task at hand (see Kutas et al., 1977; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Combining Speed and Accuracy to Assess Error-Free Cognitive Processes
Glickman, M. E., Gray, J. R., & Morales, C. J. (2005) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-002-0999-3 · Cited by 43
“Another method is to assess the SAT function at several points by explicitly manipulating the tradeoff through instructions, incentives, or other means, in order to assess a response surface ( Wickelgren, 1977 ).”
Method
Inhibition of return: Sensitivity and criterion as a function of response time.
Ivanoff, J., & Klein, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.908 · Cited by 39
Dynamic Models of Simple Judgments: II. Properties of a Self-Organizing PAGAN (Parallel, Adaptive, Generalized Accumulator Network) Model for Multi-Choice Tasks
Vickers, D., & Lee, M. D. (2000) · Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1009571011764 · Cited by 42
Speeded tests of implicit knowledge.
Turner, C. W., & Fischler, I. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.19.5.1165 · Cited by 39
Discreteness and continuity in models of human information processing
Miller, J. O. (1990) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90010-d · Cited by 39
Impaired Evidence Accumulation as a Transdiagnostic Vulnerability Factor in Psychopathology
Sripada, C., & Weigard, A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.627179 · Cited by 44
“For example, standard dependent measures from behavioral tasks, such as task accuracy or reaction time, cannot distinguish whether lower values in an individual are due to lower intrinsic ability on the task or preferences to trade off lower accuracy for greater speed (or lower speed for greater accuracy) (71).”
Background
Individual differences in errors and latencies on cognitive tasks
Lohman, D. F. (1989) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/1041-6080(89)90002-2 · Cited by 38
Effects of speed–accuracy instructions on oculomotor scanning and target recognition in a simulated baggage X-ray screening task
McCarley, J. S. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802376059 · Cited by 38
“Data are presented in a line graph to convey that the two levels of instruction employed here represent the approximate endpoints on a continuum between full emphasis on speed and full emphasis on accuracy (Wickelgren 1977).”
Background
Identifying stimuli of different perceptual categories in pure and mixed blocks of trials: evidence for stimulus-driven switch costs
Los, S. A. (1999) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00031-1 · Cited by 38
A mathematical description of the speed/accuracy trade-off of aimed movement
Guiard, Y., & Rioul, O. (2015) · British HCI Conference · doi:10.1145/2783446.2783574 · Cited by 37
“1, and th ere is serious reason to assume that ultimately it is the speed of our movements that determines their accuracy rather than the reve rs [23].”
Background
Comprehension of Linguistic Dependencies: Speed‐Accuracy Tradeoff Evidence for Direct‐Access Retrieval From Memory
Foraker, S. M., & Brian Mcelree, A. (2011) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00313.x · Cited by 37
“…and extended Donders’ subtraction method (1868 ⁄1969), timing measures of mental processing have been recognized as a preeminent way to address a host of questions concerning the fundamental properties and organization of mental architectures (Wickelgren 1977; Wickelgren and Corbett 1977).”
Method
What happens when children encounter an error?
Smulders, S. F. A., Soetens, E. L. L., & van der Molen, M. W. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.02.004 · Cited by 37
“It would be of considerable interest to examine the interplay between micro- and macro speed-accuracy tradeoff (e.g., Jentzsch& Leuthold, 2006;Wickelgren, 1977) in relation to developmental change in PES.”
Inhibition of return: An information processing theory of its natures and significance
Redden, R. S., MacInnes, W. J., & Klein, R. M. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.009 · Cited by 37
Replicable unconscious semantic priming.
Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.127.3.286 · Cited by 37
Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation
Lineweaver, T. T., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., & Corey‐Bloom, J. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050034 · Cited by 37
On the continuity of thought and the representation of knowledge: Electrophysiological and behavioral time-course measures reveal levels of structure in semantic memory
Kounios, J. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210752 · Cited by 37
Nonword Repetition in Lexical Decision: Support for two Opposing Processes
Wagenmakers, E., Zeelenberg, R., Steyvers, M., Shiffrin, R. M., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980343000729 · Cited by 37
Same-different judgments under high speed stress: Missing-feature principle predominates in early processing
Krueger, L. E., & Chignell, M. (1985) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03198854 · Cited by 38
The speed—accuracy trade-off in industry
Drury, C. G. (1994) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139408963686 · Cited by 37
Growing Slower and Less Accurate: Adult Age Differences in Time-Accuracy Functions for Recall and Recognition From Episodic Memory PaulVerhaeghen
Vandenbroucke, A. (1998) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/036107398244337 · Cited by 37

Authors: Wickelgren, W. A.
Affiliations: University of Oregon (US)
Corresponding author: Wickelgren, Wayne A.
Venue: Acta Psychologica
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1977-02
Volume: 41
Issue: 1
Pages: 67-85
ISSN: 0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(77)90012-9
OpenAlex: W1973624057
Cited by: 1,304
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 17.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: speed-accuracy trade-off, reaction time, response deadlines, payoffs, perceptual processing, recognition memory

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