Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics

“Additionally, when looking at the mean ‘no signal’ performance relative to the mean ‘signalled’ performance (all other SOAs) in SAT space (figure 5), the genuine improvement in performance (lower RT and decreased ER) as predicted by Lawrence & Klein [11] was not observed.”

“Speed-accuracy operating curves [8,9] have long stated that humans slow down as the task difficulty increases.”

“This speed–accuracy trade-off appears to be a fundamental principle of human performance (Pachella, 1974; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“But it is an inherent mixture of information about the internal representations and processes we are trying to measure (see Davidson & Martin, 2013; Wickelgren, 1977 for discussion).”

“This situation is the opposite of what is normally assumed for the traditional RT paradigm, in which it is assumed that participants try to maintain a constant error rate across conditions and that the effects of processing difficulty will show up primarily in RTs (see Pachella, 1974; Wickelgren, 1977 ).”

“Speed–accuracy trade-offs describe a well-known phenomenon in which spending more time tends to increase performance accuracy (e.g., Wickelgren, 1977).”

“This trade-off between accuracy and speed has been widely documented in the literature (Garrett, 1922; Johnson, 1939; Pachella, 1974; Ratcliff & Rouder, 1998; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“, bottom-up) factors but also by top-down factors such as knowledge about the target itself (Wolfe, 1998). This way searches like spatial configuration search may be not entirely random. A recent paper by Moran, Zehetleitner, Mueller, and Usher (2013) numerically fitted an instantiation of the Guided Search theory, te…”

“In spite of powerful arguments for the crucial role of speed-accuracy tradeoff functions in understanding choice-reaction time studies (Wickelgren 1977), they have been ignored in psychopharmacology except for”

“Speed and accuracy performance depend on the type of task as well as instructions given to participants [44,47].”

“conducted factor analyses of neuropsychological measures and revealed the existence of an ‘inhibitory control’ factor, which include measures derived from the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), the Go/No-go and the Stop Signal Task. However, there has been little attempt to diagnose impulsivity within a theoretica…”

“…trade-off in classical reaction time tasks has long been recognized in the literature, leading to the development of tasks such as the response signal paradigm (e.g., Reed, 1973; Wickelgren, 1977; Ratcliff, 1978; Dosher, 1979, 1982; McElree and Dosher, 1989; McElree and Carrasco, 1999).”

“Time is not only an informative component of categorization behaviour (e.g., Mack & Palmeri, 2011, 2015) but also an important potential source of individual differences, including factors like well-known trade-offs between speed and accuracy (e.g., Pew, 1969; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“Speed-accuracy tradeoffs are a robust and widespread phenomenon in both human psychology (e.g., Wickelgren, 1977) and beyond (Ceccarini et al., 2020).”

“It is known that response times (RTs) differences alone do not necessarily reflect differences in perceptual sensitivity, because RT differences can be attributed to the differences in perceptual, decision-making and behavioral processes (Carrasco & McElree, 2001; Hawkins et al., 1990; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“This is referred to as the speedaccuracy tradeoff (SAT; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977) and necessitates balancing how fast and accurate one aims to be in their decisions for maximizing the reward rate.”

“Second, because moving fast and accurately can be considered a central goal of motor performance, deriving a speed-accuracy trade-off function is considered a crucial metric for execution assessment.(12) This measure is particularly suitable for dystonia, in which motor speed and accuracy are both affected, because th…”

“If we want to improve the accuracy we need to spend more time to generate and explore more alternatives (Garrett, 1922; Hick, 1952; Wickelgren, 1977; Meyer, Irwin, et al., 1988), but if”

“For RT tasks, in which the subject chooses when to respond and hence effectively controls the duration of the stimulus-driven decision process, longer RTs also typically correspond to higher accuracy [28,29].”

“For example, people can respond faster by reducing the amount of information that is integrated before a response is initiated, that is, lower a response threshold (Bogacz, Wagenmakers, Forstmann, & Nieuwenhuis, 2010; Ratcliff, 1978; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“The position is described in Wickelgren ’ s (1977) work: “ dynamics ” is observed as a form of universal position and it is revealed through a range where a significant compromise between speed and accuracy can be achieved.”

“The second observation implies that participants can adjust their thresholds strategically, either trading accuracy for speed to reduce response time or taking a longer time on each choice to maintain accuracy (Wickelgren, 1977; Luce, 1986; Heitz, 2014).”

“…at which accuracy rises above the level of d 0 ¼ 0 (i.e., random responding), b is a slope parameter representing the exponential rate of improvement in accuracy as processing time increases, and k is the accuracy asymptote or the effective maximal accuracy given unlimited time (Wickelgren, 1977).”

“In a series of experiments, they used a response signal speed–accuracy trade-off procedure (Reed, 1973; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“However, an extensive literature in cognitive psychology documents ubiquitous trade-offs between response speed and accuracy (Bogacz et al., 2010; Wagenmakers et al., 2007; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“There are two plausible hypotheses as to the criterion shift during visual searches with reference to a speed-accuracy tradeoff [29], [30].”

“In most cases more time means more successful decisions, but taking more time also discounts the value of the outcome (Pachella 1974; Wickelgren 1977).”

“SAT is a well-studied effect in sequence learning, showing that accuracy decreases with greater pressure for more rapid responses, whereas performance time increases when subjects are asked to respond more accurately (Fitts, 1954; Wickelgren 1977).”

“This relationship, commonly known as the ‘speed-accuracy tradeoff,’ is observed not only for purely motor, but also perceptual and cognitive tasks (e.g., Heitz, 2014; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“Perhaps the failure to find the expected effect in the D value might be attributable to attempts at compensation and a different speed/accuracy tradeoff (Kertzman et al. 2010; Plamondon and Alimi 1997; Wickelgren 1977) in the”

“Research in perceptual decision-making has demonstrated that decision-makers become more error-prone in the face of resource constraints; a phenomenon that has come to be referred to as the speed-accuracy trade-off (Wickelgren, 1977).”

“, [8,9]) across items with comparable difficulty: Fast response times are associated with incorrect responses, whereas slow response times are associated with correct responses.”

“For example, in many contexts, it is desirble to respond as fast as possible while also making sure that the ntended response is flawlessly executed (a dilemma termed speedccuracy trade off; Fitts, 1966 ; Wickelgren, 1977 ).”

“RT effects can be due to many factors, for example changes in discriminability or criterion, speed of processing or motor preparation (e.g., Wickelgren, 1977; Carrasco & McElree, 2001; Correa, 2010; Vangkilde et al., 2012; Thomaschke & Dreisbach, 2013; Grubb, White, Heeger & Carrasco, 2014).”

“The literature has argued that interpreting accuracy and RT measures in isolation of one another may be challenging, because a participant may trade speed for accuracy (e.g., Schouten & Bekker 1967; Pachella 1974; Wickelgren 1977).”

“However, in practice, increases in task speed usually decrease accuracy, a phenomenon known as the speed-accuracy tradeoff (Wickelgren, 1977).”

“One way to obtain a more detailed timeline of the evidence accumulation process is through the interrogation paradigm where subjects are explicitly asked to make a decision at a prescribed set of time points (Gao et al., 2011; Kiani et al., 2008; Ratcliff, 2006; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“There is a large body of studies that have investigated speed-accuracy trade-offs (Wickelgren, 1977; Chittka et al., 2009) using reaction-time experiments to shed light on the dynamics of neural information processing, in particular the effect of noisy motor planning on behavioral accuracy in…”

“Accuracy and RT are frequently correlated, such that slower responses are more accurate and vice versa, and this is referred to as the speed-accuracy trade-off [32,33].”

“Another potential speed accuracy trade-off, in processing time, can occur in the more commonly used ‘reaction time paradigm’ (Wood and Jennings, 1976; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“This was shown by means of an experimental method that is virtually unknown within the linguistic domain, but which draws upon fundamental insights from cognitive psychology and signaldetection theory, namely speed-accuracy tradeo¤ (SAT; e.g. Reed, 1973; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“RTs can be influenced by criterion shifts or response preparation (e.g., Carrasco & McElree, 2001; Grubb, White, Heeger, & Carrasco, 2015; Wickelgren, 1977), and some researchers consider the distracting effect of irrelevant singletons on RTs to be a ‘‘filtering cost’’ rather than a true shift of spatial attention (e.”

“Speed and accuracy in movements and in decisions have long been known to be related (Wickelgren, 1977; Woodworth, 1899).”

“The speed-accuracy trade-off is the conundrum that typically occurs when participants are instructed to make faster decisions, thereby increasing their proportion of errors (Bogacz et al., 2010; Wickelgren, 1977; Luce, 1991).”

“That is, faster responses are often less accurate and slower responses are often more accurate (Wickelgren, 1977).”

“However, we also report a comparison of error rates between the valid and invalid condition, to assess the presence of a speed accuracy trade-off (SAT e Wickelgren, 1977).”

“The accumulator decision model from the free-response paradigm [80] is employed to enable particles to accumulate evidence through signaller–recipient relationships.”

“On the other hand, the female faces a dilemma known as the speed–accuracy trade-off, where such slow decisions are probably of little value e.g. under circumstances of high predation pressure (Wickelgren 1977; Chittka et al. 2009).”

“Importantly, the accumulation period can be made longer or shorter by giving the observer more or less time to respond through the use of a deadline procedure (Pachella, 1974; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”

“According to a standard free-excursion race model (Laberge, 1962; Vickers, 1970; Bogacz et al., 2006) evidence supporting the correct and the incorrect response is integrated independently in two accumulators.”

“…trade-off has been extensively studied in cognitive psychology (Townsend and Ashby, 1983; Luce, 1986) using different experimental methods, such as varying the time when participants are given a signal to respond or varying deadlines for an overview of methods (see e.g., Wickelgren, 1977).”

“At the heart of these models lies the speed-accuracy tradeoff (Pachella 1974; Wickelgren 1977) according to which more time invested into a decision yields a more accurate choice (e.”