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Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics
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“Decisions tend to be more accurate if subjects are given longer exposure to a stimulus (Green and Luce, 1973;Wickelgren, 1977;Gold and Shadlen, 2000;Mateeff et al., 2000)”
From Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task (2002) · cites this paper as Wickelgren, 1977
In the citing paper
“There is often a tradeoff between speed and accuracy: performance improves with slower response times (Wickelgren, 1977).”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Wickelgren, 1977
Citations
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“Participants in reaction-time tasks must adjust their performance to achieve an appropriate balance between speed and accuracy (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundUnderstanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 · Cited by 5,815
“in the form of speed–accuracy tradeoffs (e.g., Wickelgren, 1977; Yellott, 1971), age-related slowing (e.g., Faust, Balota, Spieler, & Ferraro, 1999; Ratcliff, Spieler, & McKoon, 2000), and spurious responses that appear as extreme values (or outliers; Miller, 1994; Ratcliff, 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialRatcliff, R. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.2.59 · Cited by 4,513
The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model.
Usher, M., & McClelland, J. L. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.550 · Cited by 2,152
“When processing time is controlled by a response signal or deadline procedure, it has frequently been observed that time-accuracy curves (measured in terms of sensitivity , d ) are generally well-approximated by a shifted exponential (Wickelgren, 1977).”
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“Throughout, we restrict our formal presentation to the most important equations, and where possible we provide intuitive explanations.”
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“Decisions tend to be more accurate if subjects are given longer exposure to a stimulus (Green and Luce, 1973; Wickelgren, 1977; Gold and Shadlen, 2000; Mateeff et al., 2000), and given the freedom to respond when ready, subjects will improve accuracy by taking more time (Luce, 1986).”
BackgroundDiffusion decision model: Current issues and history
Ratcliff, R., Smith, P. L., Brown, S. D., & McKoon, G. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007 · Cited by 1,630
“The stimulus-to-signal time varies from trial to trial [47–50], which means that processing can be assumed to be the same for all signal times up to each specific signal time [2].”
BackgroundThe reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences
Hedge, C., Powell, G., & Sumner, P. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0935-1 · Cited by 1,457
“The practice of considering RT and errors costs as independent and interchangeable measures of performance has been questioned in several areas (e.g., Draheim, Hicks, & Engle, 2016; Ratcliff & Rouder, 1998; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundA retrieval model for both recognition and recall.
Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.1.1 · Cited by 1,546
Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses.
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A Comparison of Sequential Sampling Models for Two-Choice Reaction Time.
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The speed-accuracy tradeoff: history, physiology, methodology, and behavior
Heitz, R. P. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00150 · Cited by 1,054
“In another, the dopamine agonist bromocriptine was found to have no effect (Winkel et al., 2012) while other work suggests the dopamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate alters decision criteria but does not benefit information processing (Carlson et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInformation processing in visual search: A continuous flow conception and experimental results
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Foreperiod and simple reaction time.
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The neural basis of the speed–accuracy tradeoff
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Two-stage dynamic signal detection: A theory of choice, decision time, and confidence.
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“…A.3 The utility of DSD models rests with the fact that they model not only choice and decision time but also the often-observed relationship between these two variables known as the speed–accuracy trade-off (D. M. Johnson, 1939; Pachella, 1974; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundThe effect of stimulus strength on the speed and accuracy of a perceptual decision
Palmer, J., Huk, A. C., & Shadlen, M. N. (2005) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/5.5.1 · Cited by 691
Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits
Wang, X.-J. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.034 · Cited by 679
“There is often a tradeoff between speed and accuracy: performance improves with slower response times (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundProcessing negativity: An evoked-potential reflection.
Näätänen, R. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.605 · Cited by 687
Krakauer, J. W., Hadjiosif, A. M., Xu, J., Wong, A. L., & Haith, A. M. (2019) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c170043 · Cited by 918
Striatum and pre-SMA facilitate decision-making under time pressure
Forstmann, B. U., Dutilh, G., Brown, S. D., Neumann, J., von Cramon, D. Y., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Wagenmakers, E. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0805903105 · Cited by 675
“The foregoing example shows that decision-making involves a delicate balance between the competing demands of response speed and choice accuracy, a balance that is usually referred to as the speed–accuracy tradeoff (1).”
BackgroundStrategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M., & Agarwal, G. C. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00048238 · Cited by 630
Text Entry for Mobile Computing: Models and Methods, Theory and Practice
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Superior visual search in autism.
O’Riordan, M., Plaisted, K. C., Driver, J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.3.719 · Cited by 557
An EZ-diffusion model for response time and accuracy
Wagenmakers, E., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194023 · Cited by 586
“The immediate problem is that MRT and Pc are in a trade-off relationship: Participants can respond faster, and hence decrease MRT, at the expense of making more errors, thereby decreasing Pc (see, e.g., Pachella, 1974; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundExecutive Function Abilities in Autism and Tourette Syndrome: An Information Processing Approach
Ozonoff, S. J., Strayer, D. L., McMahon, W. M., & Filloux, F. M. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01807.x · Cited by 514
Trajectory control in targeted force impulses
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Attention and automaticity in Stroop and priming tasks: Theory and data
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Matzke, D., & Wagenmakers, E. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.5.798 · Cited by 492
“ary separation a? It is evident that in this case, a change in response accuracy is highly diagnostic; an increase in drift rate leads to fewer errors (i.e., an overall improvement), whereas a decrease in boundary separation leads to more errors (i.e., the speed–accuracy trade-off; see, e.g., Schouten & Bekker, 1967;…”
BackgroundMental fatigue and task control: Planning and preparation
Lorist, M. M., Klein, M., Nieuwenhuis, S., de Jong, R., Mulder, G., & Meijman, T. F. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3750614 · Cited by 471
Enhanced multisensory integration in older adults
Laurienti, P. J., Burdette, J. H., Maldjian, J. A., & Wallace, M. T. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.024 · Cited by 483
“The fact that the elderly exhibited a significant improvement in performance when multisensory was compared to visual suggests that the current findings are not the result of speed-accuracy tradeoffs [64].”
ResultReplicable unconscious semantic priming.
Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.127.3.286 · Cited by 447
“Further (as observed by Wickelgren, 1977, and others) when error rates are low, floor effects make it difficult to observe possibly important between-condition differences in accuracy.”
BackgroundMethodA multifaceted investigation of the link between mental fatigue and task disengagement
Hopstaken, J. F., van der Linden, D., Bakker, A. B., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12339 · Cited by 503
“These results show that the decrease in d prime in the 1-back and 2-back tasks were not due to decreased reaction times, so there was no sign of a speed/ accuracy tradeoff with increasing time-on-task (Wickelgren, 1977).”
ResultQuantitative measurement of productivity loss due to thermal discomfort
Lan, L., Wargocki, P., & Lian, Z. (2011) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.001 · Cited by 442
Memory structures that subserve sentence comprehension
Brian Mcelree, A., Foraker, S. M., & Dyer, L. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/s0749-596x(02)00515-6 · Cited by 437
Working memory and focal attention.
McElree, B. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.817 · Cited by 430
“Unfortunately, RT is also determined by the strength (or probability of access) of a memory representation (e.g., Dosher, 1976, 1981; McElree & Dosher, 1989; Ratcliff, 1978; Murdock, 1971; Wickelgren et al., 1980; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShmuelof, L., Krakauer, J. W., & Mazzoni, P. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00856.2011 · Cited by 432
20 Stage Analysis of Reaction Processes
Sanders, A. F. (1980) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61955-x · Cited by 415
McElree, B. (2006) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(06)46005-9 · Cited by 384
Ratcliff, R., Cherian, A., & Segraves, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01049.2002 · Cited by 380
“The LATER model account would also produce no growth of accuracy in experimental paradigms in which subjects are required to respond at experimenter determined times in the response signal procedure (e.g., Dosher 1976; Ratcliff 1978; Reed 1976; Wickelgren 1977).”
MethodCombining speed and accuracy to control for speed-accuracy trade-offs(?)
Liesefeld, H., & Janczyk, M. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1076-x · Cited by 359
“…2017; Liesefeld, Fu, & Zimmer, 2015), participants can adapt their SATs trial-wise and at will (e.g., Paoletti, Weaver, Braun, & van Zoest, 2015; Reuss, Kiesel, & Kunde, 2015; Voss, Rothermund,&Voss, 2004;Wickelgren, 1977), and theymight even change their SATs systematically between conditions.”
BackgroundNeural Mechanisms of Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
Heitz, R. P., & Schall, J. D. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.030 · Cited by 387
“…speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) is a strategic adjustment in the decision process adapting to environmental demands exhibited by humans (Fitts, 1966; Wickelgren, 1977; Bogacz et al., 2010) as well as rats (Kaneko et al., 2006), bees (Chittka et al., 2003), and ant colonies (Stroeymeyt et al., 2010).”
Spatial attention improves performance in spatial resolution tasks
Yeshurun, Y., & Carrasco, M. (1999) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00114-x · Cited by 351
Covert attention accelerates the rate of visual information processing
Carrasco, M., & McElree, B. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.081074098 · Cited by 359
Response time and display rate in human performance with computers
Shneiderman, B. (1984) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/2514.2517 · Cited by 347
Meyer, D. E., Osman, A. M., Irwin, D. E., & Yantis, S. (1988) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(88)90013-0 · Cited by 355
Language and the perception of emotion.
Lindquist, K. A., Barrett, L. F., Bliss‐Moreau, E., & Russell, J. A. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.125 · Cited by 326
“A response window forces participants to produce quicker responses, thereby rendering accuracy the dependent variable of interest (e.g., Drain & Greenwald, 1998; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundAttention and retrieval from long-term memory
Baddeley, A., Lewis, V., Eldridge, M., & Thomson, N. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.4.518 · Cited by 540
Johnson, M. K., & Hasher, L. (1987) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.003215 · Cited by 319
The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire Revisited: Dimensions and Correlates
Wallace, J. C., Kass, S. J., & Stanny, C. J. (2002) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221300209602098 · Cited by 321
Appraising the ANT: Psychometric and theoretical considerations of the Attention Network Test.
MacLeod, J. W., Lawrence, M. A., McConnell, M., Eskes, G. A., Klein, R. M., & Shore, D. I. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0019803 · Cited by 329
“ant to the recommendations by Wickelgren (1977) on the impor-”
BackgroundThe development of selective attention: A life-span overview
Plude, D. J., Enns, J. T., & Brodeur, D. A. (1994) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)90004-3 · Cited by 309
Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I., Brian Mcelree, A., Schlesewsky, M., & Friederici, A. D. (2004) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.011 · Cited by 291
“A standard solution to this problem is to derive a full time course function that measures how the accuracy of processing varies with processing time (Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundSentence Comprehension Is Mediated by Content-Addressable Memory Structures
Brian Mcelree, A. (2000) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005184709695 · Cited by 286
Losses as modulators of attention: Review and analysis of the unique effects of losses over gains.
Yechiam, E., & Hochman, G. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029383 · Cited by 295
“Increased response time is well known to have a positive effect on response accuracy (Wagenmakers, van der Maas, & Grasman, 2007; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundTownsend, J. T., & Wenger, M. J. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.1003 · Cited by 275
“Valuable approaches have appeared that manipulate the time or state of processing and measure the ways in which accuracy and other facets vary as a function of these manipulations (e.g., Dosher, 1979, 1984; Kantowitz, 1978; Pachella, 1974; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundMiller, J. O. (1988) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(88)90013-3 · Cited by 266
“As has been pointed out before (e.g., Dosher 1982; Ollman 1966; Wickelgren 1977) a gradual increase in PC can be explained as a gradually changing probability mixture (Everitt and Hand 1981) of two processing outcomes .”
BackgroundMethodZohar, D. M., & Polachek, T. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034096 · Cited by 268
The dynamics of cognition and action: Mental processes inferred from speed-accuracy decomposition.
Meyer, D. E., Irwin, D. E., Osman, A. M., & Kounois, J. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.183 · Cited by 243
Cue-dependent interference in comprehension
Dyke, J. A. V., & Brian Mcelree, A. (2011) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.05.002 · Cited by 241
Focusing the spotlight: Individual differences in visual attention control.
Heitz, R. P., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.217 · Cited by 257
Forgetting to Remember: The Functional Relationship of Decay and Interference
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00405 · Cited by 244
A unified theory for matching-task phenomena.
Proctor, R. W. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.88.4.291 · Cited by 238
Seeing at a glance, smelling in a whiff: rapid forms of perceptual decision making
Uchida, N., Kepecs, Á., & Mainen, Z. F. (2006) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1933 · Cited by 234
Wagenmakers, E. (2008) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440802205067 · Cited by 245
“Second, the standard method does not acknowledge the strong inverse relationship between response speed and response accuracy (i.e., the speed accuracy tradeoff; Pachella, 1974; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
MethodChapter Five Cognition and Aging: A Theory of New Learning and the Use of Old Connections
MacKay, D. G., & Burke, D. M. (1990) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60159-4 · Cited by 235
The role of prominence in pronoun resolution: Active versus passive representations☆
Foraker, S. M., & Brian Mcelree, A. (2006) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.07.004 · Cited by 231
“The primary benefit of this procedure is that the speed and the accuracy of processing can be measured conjointly within a single task (e.g., Dosher, 1979; Reed, 1973, 1976; Wickelgren, 1977).”
Further studies of hippocampal representation during odor discrimination learning.
Eichenbaum, H., Mathews, P., & Cohen, N. J. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.103.6.1207 · Cited by 236
Web Site Delays: How Tolerant are Users?
Galletta, D. F., Henry, R. M., McCoy, S., & Polák, P. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00044 · Cited by 229
Independence of Movement Preparation and Movement Initiation
Haith, A. M., Pakpoor, J., & Krakauer, J. W. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3245-15.2016 · Cited by 225
“The probability of initiating an accurate movement at a given RT in the Forced RT condition was estimated based on the proportion of accurately initiated movements within a 20 ms window around that RT, yielding a speed–accuracy tradeoff (Wickelgren, 1977), also closely related to the concept of a tachometric curve (St…”
MethodA neural mechanism of speed-accuracy tradeoff in macaque area LIP
Hanks, T., Kiani, R., & Shadlen, M. N. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.02260 · Cited by 222
“Examples of SAT are prevalent, with demonstrations for visual, auditory, olfactory, and memory tasks (Green and Luce, 1973; Reed, 1973; Wickelgren, 1977; Luce, 1986; Reddi and Carpenter, 2000; Reddi et al., 2003; Palmer et al., 2005; Rinberg et al., 2006; Ings and Chittka, 2008; Bogacz et al.,…”
BackgroundPerceptual decision neurosciences – A model-based review
Mulder, M., van Maanen, L., & Forstmann, B. U. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.031 · Cited by 228
Effects of moderate thermal environments on cognitive performance: A multidisciplinary review
Zhang, F., de Dear, R., & Hancock, P. A. (2018) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.005 · Cited by 230
Simen, P., Contreras, D., Buck, C. L., Hu, P. T., Holmes, P. J., & Cohen, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0016926 · Cited by 231
“Such a tradeoff between speed and accuracy has long been recognized as a ubiquitous feature of human behavior in speeded response tasks (Fitts, 1966; Garrett, 1922; Pachella & Pew, 1968; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundThe hare and the tortoise: Emphasizing speed can change the evidence used to make decisions.
Rae, B., Heathcote, A., Donkin, C., Averell, L., & Brown, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0036801 · Cited by 222
“Response deadline procedures have a long history in the study of decision-making models (McElree & Dosher, 1989; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundLiteral and figurative interpretations are computed in equal time
Brian Mcelree, A., & Nordlie, J. W. (1999) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210839 · Cited by 209
“…SAT function (Dosher, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984; McElree, 1993, 1996; McElree & Dosher, 1989, 1993; McElree & Griffith, 1995; Reed, 1973, 1976; Wickelgren, 1977; see, also, Ratcliff, 1978, for an alternative three-parameter equation derived from the randomwalk (diffusion) model, and McElree &…”
BackgroundA content-addressable pointer mechanism underlies comprehension of verb-phrase ellipsis☆
Martin, A. E., & Brian Mcelree, A. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.010 · Cited by 205
“The primary benefit of this procedure is that the speed and the accuracy of processing can be measured conjointly within a single task (e.g., Dosher, 1979; Reed, 1973, 1976; Wickelgren, 1977).”
An Overview of Models for Response Times and Processes in Cognitive Tests
Boeck, P. D., & Jeon, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00102 · Cited by 182
“The curve has been described by Wickelgren (1977) and is very similar to the curve that can be derived from the diffusion model (Wagenmakers et al., 2004).”
MethodModeling response signal and response time data☆
Ratcliff, R. (2006) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.002 · Cited by 207
“…of response signal data is not theory-based (e.g. Corbett & Wickelgren, 1978; Dosher, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984; Hintzman & Curran, 1997; McElree & Dosher, 1993; Ratcliff, 1980, 1981; Reed, 1973, 1976; Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977; Wickelgren, Corbett, & Dosher, 1980, 1977).”
Background(2015) · doi:10.1007/s10664-013-9279-3 · Cited by 273
Global gain modulation generates time-dependent urgency during perceptual choice in humans
Murphy, P. R., Boonstra, E., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13526 · Cited by 206
“5a): (1) a boxcar with constant amplitude throughout the decision interval; (2) a linear up-ramp that grew in amplitude with increasing decision time; (3) a ramp-to-threshold; (4) a linear decay with a starting amplitude that was larger for slower RTs but whose amplitude always terminated at zero; (5) a linear decay-t…”
The Neural and Computational Basis of Controlled Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff during Task Performance
van Veen, V., Krug, M. K., & Carter, C. S. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20146 · Cited by 213
Causal evidence for frontal cortex organization for perceptual decision making
Rahnev, D., Nee, D. E., Riddle, J., Larson, A. S., & D’Esposito, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1522551113 · Cited by 200
“Such adjustment of the response threshold has long been considered an important example of how decision criteria are set in perceptual decision making (5, 13).”
BackgroundAccuracy of feeling-of-knowing judgments for predicting perceptual identification and relearning.
Nelson, T. O., Gerler, D., & Narens, L. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.2.282 · Cited by 197
McElree, B., & Carrasco, M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.25.6.1517 · Cited by 194
“Mean RTs typically lie on the latter portion of the rising phase of the SAT function, slightly below the asymptote, indicating that observers often select a criterion in an RT task that sacrifices modest levels of accuracy for gains in speed (e.g., Dosher, 1982; McElree & Dosher, 1993; Reed, 1976; Wickelgren, 1977).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the transmission of partial information: Inferences from movement-related brain potentials.
Osman, A. M., Bashore, T. R., COLES, M. G. H., Donchin, E., & al, E. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.217 · Cited by 194
Trait Anxiety Modulates the Neural Efficiency of Inhibitory Control
Basten, U., Stelzel, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00003 · Cited by 201
“…accuracy for incongruent as compared with congruent trials, high-anxious subjects displayed a general trend toward faster responding, possibly reflecting a speed–accuracy trade-off in favor of faster responses at the cost of increased errors (Meyer, Irwin, Osman, & Kounios, 1988; Wickelgren, 1977).”
ResultNeural Correlates of Trial-to-Trial Fluctuations in Response Caution
van Maanen, L., Brown, S. D., Eichele, T., Wagenmakers, E., Ho, T. C., Serences, J. T., & Forstmann, B. U. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2924-11.2011 · Cited by 199
“This trade-off between fast and cautious response modes is commonly referred to as the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) (Wickelgren, 1977; Bogacz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWickens, C. D., & Flach, J. M. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057090-7.50011-4 · Cited by 189
Temporal summation in frogs and men
Frumkes, T. E. (1979) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00062270 · Cited by 191
Do humans produce the speed–accuracy trade-off that maximizes reward rate?
Bogacz, R., Hu, P. T., Holmes, P. J., & Cohen, J. D. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210903091643 · Cited by 188
“This phenomenon is known as the speed–accuracy trade-off (Franks, Dornhaus, Fitzsimmons, & Stevens, 2003; Pachella, 1974; Wickelgren, 1977).”
Syntactic and thematic processing in sentence comprehension: Evidence for a temporal dissociation.
McElree, B., & Griffith, T. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.21.1.134 · Cited by 182
van der Maas, H. L. J., Molenaar, D., Maris, G., Kievit, R., & Borsboom, D. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0022749 · Cited by 181
Low working memory capacity is only spuriously related to poor reading comprehension
Dyke, J. A. V., Johns, C. L., & Kukona, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.007 · Cited by 197
“Decades of memory research (e.g., Dosher, 1976, 1981; McElree & Dosher, 1989; Ratcliff, 1978; Wickelgren, 1977) have established that the probability of retrieving particular items depends on the strength or distinctiveness of the representation itself.”
BackgroundSummerfield, C., & Tsetsos, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00070 · Cited by 167
“Humans’ choice behavior obeys a simple principle by which the advantages of speed and accuracy are traded off against one another (Johnson, 1939; Wickelgren, 1977; Bogacz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundProcessing facilitation in a lexical decision task.
Antos, S. J. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.5.3.527 · Cited by 174
Ackerman, P. L. (1986) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(86)90010-3 · Cited by 173
Metadata
- Authors
- Wickelgren, W. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wickelgren, Wayne A.
- Venue
- Acta Psychologica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1977-02
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-85
- ISSN
- 0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973624057
- Cited by
- 1,304
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 17.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- speed-accuracy trade-off, reaction time, response deadlines, payoffs, perceptual processing, recognition memory
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