The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hypochondriasis
Abstract
Hypochondriasis and other syndromes in which health anxiety is prominent are frequently seen in clinical practice and often pose problems of management. In contrast with other anxiety problems, the conceptualization and treatment of health anxiety has developed very little in recent years. Behavioural approaches to treatment have only recently been applied. In the present paper, current theoretical models are critically evaluated and a cognitive-behavioural approach is proposed to account for the development and maintenance of hypochondriacal problems. Principles of cognitive-behavioural treatment based on this approach are outlined, together with some suggestions for research.
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“SSD, in turn, is very much in line with mainstream theoretical approaches to chronic pain and medically unexplained symptoms, notable examples being the fearavoidance theory of pain 3 and the cognitive behavioral model of health anxiety.33”
From Symptom Preoccupation in Fibromyalgia: Prevalence and Correlates of Somatic Symptom Disorder in a Self-Recruited Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“The cognitive-behavioral model of HA and hypochondriasis by Warwick and Salkovskis [58] postulates that the perception of normal bodily symptoms and their misinterpretation as harmful and as a sign of a serious illness as well as the mechanism of somatosensory amplification [59] lead to negative affect (eg, anxiety and worry).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Third, past research has shown iCBT reduces maladaptive cognitions and beliefs, but no studies have examined the impact of iCBT on other key cognitive (e.g., intolerance of uncertainty, body hypervigilance) and behavioural (e.g., safety behaviours and avoidance) processes thought to perpetuate health anxiety ( Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990 ).”
From Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Psychoeducation Control for Illness Anxiety Disorder and Somatic Symptom Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2018) · cites this paper as Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990
In the citing paper
“The program followed the protocol for MBCT for recurrent depression as outlined by Segal et al. (2002) but was modified for HA in that it was informed by Warwick and Salkovskis' (1990) cognitive model of HA.”
From Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): An interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients' experiences (2011) · cites this paper as Warwick and Salkovskis, 1990
In the citing paper
“Third, cognitive-behavioural conceptualizations of HA have emphasized the role of heightened bodily focused attention in the maintenance of the disorder (e.g., Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990).”
From Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): An interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients' experiences (2011) · cites this paper as Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990
In the citing paper
“However, for HA sufferers there may be less desire to alter one's life in order to cultivate a sense of mastery over their HA, since HA individuals' concerns are often about seeking and gaining medical attention and intervention (Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990).”
From Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): An interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients' experiences (2011) · cites this paper as Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990
In the citing paper
“Disorder-specific cognitive-behavioural conceptual models of anxiety disorders have facilitated the understanding and treatment of anxiety in adults (Salkovskis, 1999;Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990;Wells, 1995).”
From Applicability of the intolerance of uncertainty model to Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms in young people (2021) · cites this paper as Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990
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“…involves greater fear of uncertainty regarding future events and an elevated cognitive element of fearing ambiguous situations (e.g., fear of death; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990) when compared with anxiety disorders, which typically involve more immediate catastrophic consequences (e.g., fear of…”
BackgroundHypochondriacal attitudes, pain sensitivity, and attentional bias
Pauli, P., Schwenzer, M., Brody, S., Rau, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1993) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90103-m · Cited by 38
Adverse psychological outcomes in colorectal cancer screening: Does health anxiety play a role?
Miles, A., & Wardle, J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.011 · Cited by 37
“Health anxiety is usually thought of as a continuum with ‘hypochondriasis’ at the extreme (Salkovskis & Bass, 1997; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990).”
BackgroundUnderstanding health anxiety among community dwelling seniors with varying degrees of frailty
Bourgault-Fagnou, M. D., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860802380664 · Cited by 37
“This is in keeping with cognitive behavioral interventions for health anxiety (Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990) that encourage patients to challenge negative thoughts about the awfulness of illness or their inability to cope with illness.”
The restrictive concept of good health in patients with hypochondriasis
Weck, F., Neng, J. M. B., Richtberg, S., & Stangier, U. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.001 · Cited by 37
“The importance of the misinterpretation of bodily symptoms for the development and maintenance of health anxieties is also emphasized in the well-established cognitive model for hypochondriasis and health anxiety (Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990).”
BackgroundKarademas, E. C., Christopoulou, S., Dimostheni, A., & Pavlu, F. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.007 · Cited by 39
“According to the cognitive-behavioural theory, the development and the maintenance of health anxiety is associated with information processing biases (Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExtent and nature of anxiety experienced during physical examination of chronic low back pain
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & LaChapelle, D. L. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00024-8 · Cited by 37
Hartmann, A. S., Cordes, M., Hirschfeld, G. H. F., & Vocks, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.132 · Cited by 39
Applying a cognitive behavioral model of health anxiety in a cancer genetics service.
Rimes, K. A., Salkovskis, P. M., Jones, L., & Lucassen, A. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.2.171 · Cited by 36
Self-citationAttacking anxiety: A naturalistic study of a multimedia self-help program
Finch, A. E., Lambert, M. J., & Brown, G. (. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200001)56:1 · Cited by 9
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of functional somatic syndromes: Integrating gender issues
Toner, B. B. (1994) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80091-4 · Cited by 36
Reexamining the domain of hypochondriasis: Comparing the Illness Attitudes Scale to other approaches
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.016 · Cited by 34
“…focused on the relations between the IAS dimensions and anxiety-related constructs, as recent conceptualizations of HC (Salkovskis & Warwick, 2001; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990) have viewed it as health anxiety, presumably a part of the anxiety disorders domain (Abramowitz, Schwartz, & Whiteside,…”
BackgroundPurdon, C. L., & Harrington, J. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713143.ch3 · Cited by 37
Witthöft, M., Rist, F., & Bailer, J. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9159-5 · Cited by 35
“…marked by elevated levels of health anxiety1 (or hypochondriacal concerns) that refer to medium- and long term negative consequences, whereas concerns of panic patients are associated with the conviction or anticipation of an immediate catastrophe during panic attacks (Warwick and Salkovskis 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialMemory bias in health anxiety is related to the emotional valence of health-related words
Ferguson, E., Moghaddam, N. G., & Bibby, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.01.015 · Cited by 41
Erfassung von Krankheitsangst mit dem Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits (MIHT)
Witthöft, M., Haaf, A., Rist, F., & Bailer, J. (2010) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000005 · Cited by 34
A Community-Based Psychoeducational Group Approach to Hypochondriasis
Bouman, T. K. (2002) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000065995 · Cited by 34
Solem, S., Borgejordet, S., Haseth, S., Hansen, B. K. A., Håland, Å. T., & Bailey, R. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.03.002 · Cited by 35
“In both OCD and health anxiety individuals experience distressing intrusive repetitive thoughts that are difficult to resist and result in high levels of anxiety (Warwick & Salkovskis, 1990; Asmundson, Abramowitz, Richter, & Whedon, 2010).”
BackgroundTibubos, A. N., Grammes, J., Beutel, M. E., Michal, M., Schmutzer, G., & Brähler, E. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.079 · Cited by 38
Jagtap, S., Shamblaw, A. L., Rumas, R., & Best, M. W. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2684 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Warwick, H. M. C., & Salkovskis, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Salkovskis, Paul M.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 105-117
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2911986200
- Semantic Scholar
- 23ea1c589ed8ff10851ee82876c1d45b5db0abcb
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- health anxiety, cognitive-behavioral intervention, cognitive-behavioral model, behavioral interventions, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Humans, Hypochondriasis, Sick Role
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