Understanding ‘cyberchondria’: an interpretive phenomenological analysis of the purpose, methods and impact of seeking health information online for those with health anxiety
Open accessAbstract
‘Cyberchondria’ describes the phenomenon of searching for health information online exacerbating health anxiety. This study explores health anxious individuals’ experiences of searching for health information online to further understand ‘cyberchondria’. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore participants’ (N = 8) experiences of searching for health information online. Transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four themes emerged: ‘information is power’, ‘novelty of Internet searching’, ‘need for strategies to navigate the search: Google, authority and cross-checking’, and ‘cyberchondria: short-term gain but long-term pain’. Participants’ accounts suggested they sought health information online as a form of problem solving: to understand their problem and decide on a strategy for solving it, to feel better about having the problem by having ‘done something’ about it, or to share others’ similar experiences. Seeking online health information was prompted by negative expectations of healthcare professionals, yet was not seen as a replacement for medical consultations. Participants noted the accessibility of the Internet and were aware that information is sometimes inaccurate or irrelevant. Thus participants used strategies to filter and validate information. The findings are considered in relation to what they tell us about the purpose, methods and impact of seeking health information online among individuals with health anxiety.
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The internet is also used for self-diagnoses to find a label for a health issue so that more specific information can be collected.
“The internet is also used for self-diagnoses to find a label for a health issue so that more specific information can be collected [90].”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
The “DIY: Do-it-yourself health” section reports that participants searched online for an explanation or label for symptoms and used self-diagnosis tools. It also says they sought more health information, but does not establish that finding a label was specifically a step toward collecting more specific information. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly 2 qualitative studies have addressed the question of triggers for health-related internet use, both using semistructured interviews with participants with high levels of HA (N=8, SHAI>16 points; N=20, SHAI>18 points).
“To our knowledge, only 2 qualitative studies have addressed this question, both using semistructured interviews with participants with high levels of HA (ie, participants’ SHAI scores exceeded a critical cutoff, indicating clinically significant HA (N=8, SHAI>16 points [90]; N=20, SHAI>18 points [1]).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
The Semi-structured interview and Participants sections support that this study interviewed eight people about triggers for online health-information searches. However, the Participants section sets the SHAI inclusion criterion at ≥16, and Table 2 lists two participants with scores of exactly 16; the claim that all eight scored >16 is incorrect. The paper also says the cutoff suggests significant health anxiety, not that participants received a clinical diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConversely, positive emotions were experienced if familiar issues were researched or nonserious causes for experienced symptoms were found.
“Conversely, positive emotions were experienced if familiar issues were researched or nonserious causes for experienced symptoms were found.”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
The Discussion describes short-term comfort and reduced anxiety from seeking health information online, and “A platform to see others’ experiences” reports comfort from learning that a condition was common. Neither passage specifically says positive emotions arose when participants researched familiar issues or found nonserious causes for their symptoms. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe process of searching itself can provide reassurance by giving a person the feeling of having done something instead of ruminating.
“The process of searching itself can provide reassurance by giving a person the feeling of having done something instead of ruminating [90].”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
"Information is power" describes a participant's hope to be able to prevent future illness, deterioration of an already existing one, or death because of an illness by gathering information.
““Information is power” describes a participant’s hope to be able to prevent future illness, the deterioration of an already existing one [1], or death because of an illness [90] by gathering information, such as appropriate health promotion strategies or remedies [1].”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
The 2 qualitative studies yielded similar results.
“The studies yielded similar results, which are reported in the following section and integrated as far as possible with the superordinate themes identified by McManus et al [90] (information is power and novelty of internet searching).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
Interview studies revealed that uncertainty, fright, anxiety, worry, and nervousness could be experienced as a consequence of health-related internet use.
“Interview studies revealed that uncertainty, fright, anxiety, worry, and nervousness [1,90] could be experienced as a consequence of health-related internet use.”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
Positive emotional consequences of health-related internet use were also found, such as relief and calm.
“Besides the reported results confirming the postulated negative emotional consequences of health-related internet use, it should be noted that positive emotional consequences were also found, such as relief and calm [1,11,90].”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
McManus et al found that the longer individuals searched the web, the more likely they were to find alarming information that, in turn, would lead to heightened anxiety.
“McManus et al [90] found that the longer individuals searched the web, the more likely they were to find alarming information that, in turn, would lead to heightened anxiety.”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
Participants stated that negative emotions occurred during health-related internet use if unfamiliar health issues were researched or potentially alarming information was found.
“Another important factor seems to be the type of information found: participants stated that negative emotions occurred during health-related internet use if unfamiliar health issues were researched or potentially alarming information was found [1,90].”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
A recent investigation has reported a positive association between intolerance of uncertainty and online searching for medical information.
“A recent investigation has reported a positive association between Intolerance of uncertainty and online searching for medical information [44].”
From Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
The Introduction describes a qualitative study of why people with high health anxiety search for health information online, and reports prior findings about health anxiety and search frequency. The Discussion likewise addresses health anxiety, but neither section reports an association between intolerance of uncertainty and online medical-information searching (searched: “intolerance of uncertainty” and “uncertainty and online searching for health information”). (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- McManus, F., Leung, C., Muse, K., & Williams, J. M. G.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McManus, Freda
- Venue
- The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 7
- ISSN
- 1754-470X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2324247772
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire) (submittedVersion)
- Worcester Research and Publications (University of Worcester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (G067797)
- Lupina Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Keywords
- cyberchondria, health anxiety, online health information seeking, web search, data validation, information credibility, problem solving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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