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Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain–presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum
Open accessAbstract
Immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of extensive vasopressinergic projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the limbic system and other brain areas. Vibratome sections and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method were used to investigate the ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their exohypothalamic fibers in the rat brain. The first immunopositive neurons of this nucleus were revealed on the 2nd postnatal day. An adult appearance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus was detected on day 14. Although fibers appeared on the periventricular nucleus already on the 7th postnatal day, such fibers were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10. From the 12th postnatal day onwards a marked sex difference developed with respect to the density of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum and, to a lesser extent, in the lateral habenular nucleus. In male rats the fiber density was higher in both areas. This sex difference persisted in adulthood.
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TL;DR
Using immunocytochemistry on vibratome sections, this study traced the postnatal development of vasopressinergic (AVP) neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and their extrahypothalamic projections, finding the first AVP-positive SCN cells on postnatal day 2 and an adult-like nucleus by day 14. From postnatal day 12 onward a marked sex difference emerged, with male rats showing denser AVP fiber networks in the lateral septum and, less strikingly, the lateral habenular nucleus, persisting into adulthood.
Key findings
- No AVP-positive cells were seen in the SCN on postnatal day 1; a few were detected in 1 of 3 two-day-old rats, in 6 of 8 rats on day 3, and in all animals from days 4–6. An adult appearance of the SCN was reached on day 14.
- Fibers appeared in the periventricular nucleus by day 7, but were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10.
- From day 12 onward a sex difference developed in the density of AVP fibers in the lateral septum: in males density increased dramatically from day 12 to 17, whereas no such change occurred in females. In 55-day-old females the fiber number was still moderate, comparable to that of 12–14-day-old males; the difference persisted in adulthood but was less striking than between days 17 and 35.
- A similar but weaker sex difference was seen in the lateral habenular nucleus (adult-like appearance in males by day 14, females by day 17), with considerable overlap between the sexes. No sex difference was noted in the SCN or periventricular nucleus.
Methods
- Infant Wistar rats of either sex: first series studied on days 1–8, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21 (3 rats per age group); second series sacrificed on days 3, 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 27, 35 and 55 (2–6 rats of each sex per age group). Adults were 3 male and 3 female rats weighing 230–250 g.
- Brains were perfused with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, sectioned with a vibratome, and stained for AVP using the unlabeled antibody enzyme (PAP) method; antibody specificity was tested by immunofluorescence and adsorption controls, including Brattleboro rats.
- Fiber density in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus was estimated semi-quantitatively in a blind study using 4 categories (+, ++, +++, ++++).
Limitations
- The paper states that its procedure "was not suited to a quantitative approach," so a sex difference in the number of AVP-containing cells cannot be excluded; it also notes that how the observed sex differences relate to functional differences remains speculative.
- Evident from the text: fiber density was scored only semi-quantitatively on an ordinal scale, group sizes were small (2–6 rats per sex per age), and large individual variation was noted, particularly in the lateral habenular nucleus where overlap between sexes was considerable.
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29 Own result · 9 Own interpretation · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this difference was not as striking as between days 17 and 35.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first immunopositive neurons of this nucleus were revealed on the 2nd postnatal day.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 8 · plain
“In the present study the first AVP-containing cells in the SCN were found on the 2nd postnatal day”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 8 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the 10th postnatal day the first AVP-containing fibers were visible in this area”
- Also stated in: § SUMMARY · p. 2 · plain
“such fibers were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § SUMMARY · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As soon as fibers were visible in the lateral habenular nucleus and the lateral septum, branching of fibers and punctate perineuronal structures could also be detected.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In male and female rats generally only very few AVP-containing fibers were found in the lateral septum on days 10 and 12.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An adult appearance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus was detected on day 14.”
- Also stated in: § Suprachiasmatic nucleus · p. 6 · plain
“From the 14th postnatal day onwards the appearance of the SCN was similar to that of the adults”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Suprachiasmatic nucleus · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although fibers appeared in the periventricular nucleus already on the 7th postnatal day”
- Also stated in: § Extrahypothalamic areas · p. 6 · plain
“Very few fibers were visible in the periventricular nucleus, medioventral to the lateral habenular nucleus on the 7th and 8th days”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Extrahypothalamic areas · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No sex differences were found in this brain region.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The density of fibers was only clearly larger in the adult male rats in which a very dense network of fibers could be demonstrated”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“Adult male rat, noted as + + + +. The fibers form a very dense network.”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variation in the fiber density within the groups was larger in this area throughout development than in the lateral septum.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The immunopositive cells were scattered over the entire SCN but the highest concentration was found at the medial and mediodorsal border of the SCN.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In male rats the fiber density was higher in both areas.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“higher in male rats than in female rats from the 12th day onwards.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No sex difference was noted in the development of the AVP-containing cells and in the density of fibers in the immediate vicinity of the SCN.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On postnatal day 3, in 6 out of 8 rats and from the 4th to 6th day in all animals, immunopositive cells were visible in the SCN, revealing only very few or no fibers.”
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although generally female rats showed a smaller density of fibers in the lateral habenular nucleus than male rats of the same age, the overlap was considerable.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AVP-containing fibers and cells were spread all over the SCN area on the 7th and 8th days (Fig. 2), while only very few fibers left the SCN running into rostral or dorsorostral directions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while in the adult female rats the fibers had formed a network”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 10 · plain
“Female rat. The fibers form a network (arrows), but not as dense as in the male rat.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 10 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the 10th day the number of cells and the density of fibers fanning out the SCN were dramatically increased”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous fine caliber fibers were homogeneously distributed over the SCN while vast projections fanned out in rostral, rostrodorsal and dorsocaudal directions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while a practically adult appearance was found in male rats on the 14th day and in female rats on the 17th day.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and, to a lesser extent, in the lateral habenular nucleus.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While in male rats the fiber density increased dramatically from the 12th to 17th day, no such change was seen in female rats”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some more fibers, already forming a network, were visible in 3 out of 6 male rats of day 14 (Fig. 5) and in all male rats of days 17, 21, 27, 35 and 55 (Fig. 7).”
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only on the 55th day was a discernibly larger, but still moderate number of fibers found, comparable to the number of fibers in the lateral septum of male rats of 12–14 days of age”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AVPcontaining SCN fibers might thus be associated with the regulation of certain circadian rhythms.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AVP-containing fibers of the SCN projecting to the lateral septum might influence neurohypophyseal function via these pathways.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AVP fibers in the lateral septum might, in addition, play a role in the physiology of temperature regulation.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another function of AVP fibers of the SCN might be an involvement in the regulation of water balance.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nucleus was estimated in a semi-quantitative manner in a blind study distinguishing 4 categories: +, very few fibers; + +, a moderate number of fibers; + + +, fibers form a network; +++ +, fibers form a very dense network”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This is consistent with the higher levels of serotonin in the female brain, a sex difference which is only measureable from the 12th postnatal day2⁵, on which day the sex difference in the density of AVP fibers in our study also became noticeable.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Ladosky, 1970, Brain serotonin and sexual differentiation of the nervous system, Neuroendocrinology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The formation of the synaptic contacts might thus trigger AVPsynthesis.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the procedure used in this study was not suited to a quantitative approach and for this reason a sex difference in the number of AVP-containing cells can certainly not be excluded.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“serotonin fibers might balance out the paucity of AVP fibers in female rats.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
The paper relies on this without support.
The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
“The stages of the estrous cycle of the female rats were proestrus, estrus and metestrus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, males have more AVP-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala and denser AVP-axonal projections to limbic brain regions, especially to the lateral septum (De Vries et al., 1981; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Szot and Dorsa, 1993).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, compared to females, males have more AVP-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (MeA) and denser AVP-axonal projections to limbic brain regions, especially to the lateral septum (LS) (De Vries et al 1981; van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Szot & Dorsa, 1993).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as De Vries et al 1981
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Likewise sex differences in AVP immunostaining in the lateral septum are similarly extreme at this age (De Vries et al., 1981).”
From Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play (2014) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This sex difference is found in many mammalian species (De Vries & Panzica, 2006) and already exists in juveniles (De Vries et al., 1981).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To test the hypothesis that the sexually dimorphic effects of ICV injections of V1aR blockade were mediated by the sexually dimorphic projections of the BST and MeA, we specifically targeted the LS, which shows denser AVP fibers in males than in females (De Vries et al., 1981) and abundant expression of V1aR in male and female juvenile rats (Veenema et al., 2012).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In rats, males have more AVP-expressing neurons in the BNST and MeA (Szot & Dorsa, 1993; van Leeuwen, Caffe, & De Vries, 1985) and have a higher density of AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) fibers in the lateral septum (LS) and lateral habenular nucleus (De Vries, Buijs, & Swaab, 1981) compared to females.”
From Quantitative mapping reveals age and sex differences in vasopressin, but not oxytocin, immunoreactivity in the rat social behavior neural network (2017) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
Citations
Cites
A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat
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Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Mode, Mechanisms, and Meaning
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“Soon after male-biased sex differences were described in the AVP circuitry of the BSTM and LS (De Vries et al., 1981; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985), Ferris and colleagues demonstrated that infusions of AVP into the LS promote agonistic flank marking in male Syrian hamsters (Ferris et al., 1990; Irvin…”
Organization of Mammalian Neuroendocrine System
Swanson, L. W. (1986) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010406 · Cited by 78
DiBenedictis, B. T., Nussbaum, E. R., Cheung, H. K., & Veenema, A. H. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24216 · Cited by 74
“…studies showing that AVP fiber density in the LS and AVP mRNA expression in the pBNST and MeA is higher in adult male versus adult female rats (De Vries et al., 1981; Miller et al., 1992; Szot & Dorsa, 1993) as well as in several other species, including mice and prairie voles (Bamshad, Novak, &…”
BackgroundSwaab, D. F., Van Someren, E. J. W., Zhou, J. N., & Hofman, M. A. (1996) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60418-5 · Cited by 75
Self-citationGender differences in neurodevelopment and epigenetics
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“Indeed, the sexually dimorphic vasopressinergic system in the BST (m>f) requires the presence of both estradiol and DHT to be fully maintained [47, 48, 127].”
Stoll, C., & Voorn, P. (1985) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902390206 · Cited by 74
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Three sex dimorphisms in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus in house mice
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Sex Differences in Neuronal Morphology Influenced Hormonally throughout Life
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Brain Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Differences in Parental and Other Social Behaviorsa
Vries, G. J. D., & Villalba, C. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51926.x · Cited by 68
Vasopressin Localization and Putative Functions in the Brain
Buijs, R. M. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8129-1_2 · Cited by 70
Swaab, D. F., Zhou, J. N., Ehlhart, T., & Hofman, M. A. (1994) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(94)90129-5 · Cited by 67
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“Furthermore, several different neuropeptides, including somatostatin (SOM) and neurotensin (NT), have been detected in relatively large amounts within the septum by radioimmunoassay (Barden et al. 1981; Brownstein et al. 1975; Cooper et al. 1981; Emson et al. 1982) and histochemical studies (Finlay et al. 1981 ; Hara…”
BackgroundResultPattern of afferents to the lateral septum in the guinea pig
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Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: Chemoarchitecture
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Szot, P., & Dorsa, D. M. (1993) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(93)90136-x · Cited by 65
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Ontogenetic changes in vasopressin binding site distribution in rat brain: An autoradiographic study
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Vasopressin and brain development: Studies using the Brattleboro rat
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“Notably, neuroanatomical studies have revealed sex differences in vasopressin neurons located in the BNST and medial amygdala (MeA), with males having more cells and denser projections than females (De Vries et al., 1981).”
BackgroundBrot, M. D., De Vries, G. J., & Dorsa, D. M. (1993) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(93)90069-s · Cited by 58
Gonadal steroids influence neurophysin II distribution in the forebrain of normal and mutant mice
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Wang, Z., & Young, L. J. (1997) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(97)00138-7 · Cited by 54
Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play
Paul, M. J., Terranova, J. I., Probst, C. K., Murray, E. K., Ismail, N. I., & de Vries, G. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00058 · Cited by 51
“Likewise sex differences in AVP immunostaining in the lateral septum are similarly extreme at this age (De Vries et al., 1981).”
BackgroundSynaptic plasticity to estrogen in the lateral septum of the adult male and female rats
Miyakawa, M., & Arai, Y. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91574-5 · Cited by 51
The Role of Serotonin, Vasopressin, and Serotonin/Vasopressin Interactions in Aggressive Behavior
Morrison, T. R., & Melloni, R. H. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_283 · Cited by 52
“AVP cell bodies have been localized to the BNST, MeA, SCN, SON, and PVN (De Vries et al. 1981, 1985; De Vries and Buijs 1983; Dubois-Dauphin et al. 1989, 1990; Mahoney et al. 1990; Rood and De Vries 2011) in rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, and are also found in the NC and the ventrolateral and…”
Distribution of small vasopressinergic neurons in golden hamsters
Ferris, C. F., Delville, Y., MILLER, M. A., Dorsa, D. M., & Vries, G. J. D. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903600404 · Cited by 50
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Chapter II Neurobiology and neuropathology of the human hypothalamus
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Self-citationNeuroanatomical Pathways Related to Vasopressin
Weindl, A., & Sofroniew, M. V. (1985) · Current topics in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68493-7_5 · Cited by 51
Animal Behavior Genetics: A Search for the Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Septal oxytocin administration impairs peer affiliation via V1a receptors in female meadow voles
Anacker, A. M. J., Christensen, J. D., LaFlamme, E. M., Grunberg, D. M., & Beery, A. K. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.025 · Cited by 44
“Vasopressin immunoreactivity in the LS is testosterone-dependent, and typically lower in females than in males (Bamshad et al., 1993; de Vries et al., 1981; De Vries et al., 1992; Wang and Devries, 1993), but may also play a role in activating V1aRs in female meadow voles.”
Majdič, G., & Tobet, S. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.009 · Cited by 50
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Seasonal changes in vasopressin in the brain of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.)
Hermes, M. L. H. J., Buijs, R. M., Masson‐Pévet, M., & Pévet, P. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902930303 · Cited by 48
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Vasopressin Receptors in the Brain and Pituitary
van Leeuwen, F. W. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8129-1_12 · Cited by 44
Dannenhoffer, C. A., Kim, E. U., Saalfield, J., Werner, D. F., Varlinskaya, E. I., & SPEAR, L. P. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5003-8 · Cited by 43
Corticotropin releasing factor‐containing afferents to the lateral septum of the rat brain
Sakanaka, M., Magari, S., Shibasaki, T., & Lederis, K. P. (1988) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902700309 · Cited by 43
The Septal Region and Social Behavior
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Boyd, S. K., & Moore, F. L. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91018-v · Cited by 42
Cholecystokinin and substance P concentrations in discrete areas of the rat brain: sex differences
Frankfurt, M., Siegel, R. A., Sim, I., & Wuttke, W. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90947-3 · Cited by 42
Testosterone supplementation restores vasopressin innervation in the senescent rat brain
Goudsmit, E., Fliers, E., & Swaab, D. F. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90859-1 · Cited by 42
Self-citationSexual Dimorphism of Inputs to the Lateral Habenula in Mice
Liu, X., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Wang, F. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00885-y · Cited by 44
“Studies using rats have demonstrated sex differences in vasopressin projection density from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to the LHb [37, 38], suggesting that there may be sex differences in the regulation of LHbprojecting vasopressin neurons from these nuclei.”
BackgroundDevelopment of Vasopressin Systems and Their Functions
Boer, G. J. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8129-1_3 · Cited by 41
Changes in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic vasopressin content of water-deprived rats
Epstein, Y., Castel, M., GLICK, S. M., Sivan, N., & Ravid, R. (1983) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00222235 · Cited by 41
“VP in the septal area is associated with depression of febrile response (Cooper et al. 1979; Kasting et al. 1980), and with sex-related differences expressed as reduced VP-immunoreactivity in the septurn of the female rat ( De Vries et al. 1981 ).”
BackgroundJakab, R. L., Naftolin, F. N., & Léránth, C. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90129-c · Cited by 41
Organization and efferent connections of transplanted suprachiasmatic nuclei
Wiegand, S. J., & Gash, D. M. (1988) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902670409 · Cited by 40
Kelly, A. M., & Goodson, J. L. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.09.006 · Cited by 38
Sleep Deprivation Influences Circadian Gene Expression in the Lateral Habenula
Zhang, B., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Yang, J., & Zhao, H. (2016) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2016/7919534 · Cited by 38
Distribution of immunoreactive mesotocin and vasotocin in the brain and pituitary of chickens
Robinzon, B., Koike, T. I., Neldon, H. L., & Kinzler, S. L. (1988) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(88)90129-5 · Cited by 39
Gonadal Steroid Modulation of Vasopressin Pathwaysa
Vries, G. J. D., Crenshaw, B. J., & AL‐SHAMMA, H. A. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb34369.x · Cited by 38
Ontogeny of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus
Gall, C. M., Brecha, N. C., Chang, K. J., & Karten, H. J. (1984) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90029-0 · Cited by 38
Neurogenesis of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus
Davis, F. C., Boada, R., & LeDeaux, J. R. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90077-o · Cited by 37
Circuit development in the master clock network of mammals
Carmona‐Alcocer, V., Rohr, K. E., Joye, D. A. M., & Evans, J. A. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14259 · Cited by 36
Zilkha, N., Sofer, Y., Kashash, Y., & Kimchi, T. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.005 · Cited by 41
Steroid control of central neuronal interactions and function
Fink, G., Rosie, R., Sheward, W. J., Thomson, E., & Wilson, H. (1991) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90175-5 · Cited by 36
Han, T. M., & Vries, G. J. D. (1999) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199903)38:4 · Cited by 35
Neuropeptides. Their Distribution and Function in the Brain
Swaab, D. F. (1982) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64192-8 · Cited by 38
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Ontogenetic and seasonal changes in immunoreactive vasotocin in the canary brain
Voorhuis, T. A. M., de Kloet, E. R., & de Wied, D. (1991) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(91)90110-5 · Cited by 34
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Lonstein, J. S., Rood, B. D., & De Vries, G. J. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1315 · Cited by 33
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
Toran‐Allerand, C. D. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-300270-9.50012-2 · Cited by 32
Sexual Dimorphism of Parental Care: From Genes to Behavior
Zilkha, N., Scott, N., & Kimchi, T. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031447 · Cited by 33
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Sakanaka, M., Shiosaka, S., Takatsuki, K., et al. (1982) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902120305 · Cited by 31
The human habenula is responsive to changes in luminance and circadian rhythm
Kaiser, C., Kaufmann, C., Leutritz, T., Arnold, Y. L., Speck, O., & Ullsperger, M. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.064 · Cited by 28
“…(Qu et al., 1996; Reuss and Decker, 1997) as well as from brain structures that encode changes in light–dark cycles and drive circadian rhythms, e.g. the suprachiasmatic nucleus (Buijs, 1978; De Vries et al., 1981) and the pineal gland (Guglielmotti and Cristino, 2006; Rønnekleiv et al., 1980).”
Rood, B. D., Murray, E. K., Laroche, J., Yang, M. K., Blaustein, J. D., & De Vries, G. J. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.087 · Cited by 30
Ohtsuka, M., Hisano, S., & Daikoku, S. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90312-8 · Cited by 30
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Vasopressin‐induced neurotrophism in cultured hippocampal neurons via V1 receptor activation
Brinton, R. D., Monreal, A. W., & Fernandez, J. G. (1994) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.480250404 · Cited by 29
Sexual Differentiation and Sex Differences in Neural Development
Turano, A., Osborne, B. F., & Schwarz, J. M. (2018) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2018_56 · Cited by 33
Hermes, M. L. H. J., Kalsbeek, A., Kirsch, R., Buijs, R. M., & Pévet, P. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91550-c · Cited by 28
Dubois‐Dauphin, M., & Zakarian, S. (1987) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(87)90046-7 · Cited by 28
Carsten Schradin, A., Kenkel, W. M., Krackow, S., & Carter, C. S. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.10.004 · Cited by 29
“AVP and OT are produced and secreted by neurons in several areas of the SBN including the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the supra-optic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), with well-documented effects on social behaviors (Caldwell et al., 2008; DeVries et al., 1981; Goodson and Ka…”
BackgroundBoer, G. J., Gash, D. M., Dick, L. B., & Schluter, N. C. M. (1985) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(85)90255-6 · Cited by 27
Wiegand, S. J., & Gash, D. M. (1988) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90014-7 · Cited by 27
Sensitive Periods for Hormonal Programming of the Brain
Vries, G. J. D., Fields, C. T., Peters, N. V., Whylings, J., & Paul, M. J. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_286 · Cited by 30
Reppucci, C. J., Gergely, C. K., & Veenema, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12582 · Cited by 26
“extrahypothalamic AVP synthesis, specifically the posterior region of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (pBST) and the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdalar nucleus (MEApd) (27-29).”
BackgroundVasopressin and Oxytocin Localization and Putative Functions in the Brain
Buijs, R. M. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9062-3_10 · Cited by 26
Sex differences in adult suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons emerging late prenatally in rats
Abizaid, A. B., Mezei, G., Sótonyi, P., & Horváth, T. L. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03359.x · Cited by 24
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Kinley, B. L., Kyne, R. F., Lawton‐Stone, T. S., Walker, D. M., & Paul, M. J. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15520 · Cited by 28
“The BNST/MeA VP pathway continues to develop across the juvenile and adolescent periods (De Vries et al., 1981; Szot & Dorsa, 1993), raising the possibility that adverse environments during these life stages could derail its development.”
BackgroundEffects of early pubertal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on social behavior of mice
Wang, R., Xu, X., Weng, H., Yan, S., & Sun, Y. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.012 · Cited by 25
Development of Mammalian Circadian Rhythms
Davis, F. C., & Reppert, S. M. (2001) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1201-1_10 · Cited by 25
Paternal behavior increases testosterone levels in offspring of the California mouse
Becker, E. A., Moore, B. M., Auger, C. J., & Marler, C. A. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.019 · Cited by 25
“These studies suggest that T is a possible mechanism for mediating the effects of social behavior on the AVP neurochemical system (De Vries and Miller, 1998; De Vries et al., 1981).”
Metadata
- Authors
- De Vries, G. J., Buds, R. M., & Swaab, D. F.
- ORCID
- Swaab, Dick F.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1981-08
- Volume
- 218
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 67-78
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002833231
- Semantic Scholar
- f6169fc782bda126e0ab5cb93b47a550a41455e3
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 21.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- vasopressin, suprachiasmatic nucleus, ontogeny, sex differences, lateral septum, lateral habenula, limbic system, postnatal development, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Hypothalamus, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Neurons, Sex Characteristics, Vasopressins, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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