Empathy constrained: prejudice predicts reduced mental simulation of actions during observation of outgroups

Gutsell, Jennifer N.; Inzlicht, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.011

Cited by 385Action Observation and SynchronizationSocial and Intergroup PsychologyEmbodied and Extended Cognition

Empathy constrained: prejudice predicts reduced mental simulation of actions during observation of outgroups

Gutsell, Jennifer N., Inzlicht, Michael·2010·Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.011

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Previous research has shown that both empathy and the MNS response are affected by interpersonal differences, with participants responding more with those who they identify with, and not with outgroups.
“This understanding has some empirical support; specifically, previous research has shown that both empathy and the MNS response are affected by interpersonal differences, with participants responding more with those who they identify with, and not with outgroups”
From Is the Putative Mirror Neuron System Associated with Empathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010
Participants show reduced vicarious activation of the motor cortex when observing actions performed by a racial outgroup member compared to an ingroup member, and show decreased neural and motor responses when viewing racial outgroup members in pain.
“In the motor domain, participants show reduced vicarious activation of the motor cortex when observing actions performed by a racial outgroup member as compared to an ingroup member [4,8], and show decreased neural and motor responses when viewing racial outgroup members in pain [3,6].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [4]

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“Neural resonance with pleasure and pain is likewise dampened in response to outgroup targets (Avenanti et al., 2010; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010; Mobbs et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2009).”
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“Among stable social groups, patterns of empathic responding might be relatively consistent across time and context; however, not all out-groups elicit the intergroup empathy bias to the same extent and the bias is demonstrably subject to context effects (e.g., Gutsell & Inzlicht 2010; 2013).”
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“Studies using functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) report that people show more neural activation in pain and empathy circuits when observing the pain of an ingroup member, compared to an outgroup member (Xu et al., 2009; Chiao and Mathur, 2010; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010, 2012; Cheon et al., 2011).”
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“For example, a recent EEG study (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010) showed activation over the motor cortex when participants observed an action performed by a member of their own race, but that this activation was significantly reduced when an action was performed by a member of a racial outgroup.”
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“[89] found significant differences between the mu suppression towards in-group versus out-group members, and significant correlations between prejudice scores and mu suppression towards out-groups.”
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“Scholars have identified diversity as an obstacle to empathy (Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010), solidarity (Lipset and Marks, 2000), interpersonal trust (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2000; Brewer, 2001), and reciprocal altruism (Habyarimana et al., 2009; Trivers, 1971).”
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Empathy and spiritual care in midwifery practice: Contributing to women's enhanced birth experiences
Moloney, S., & Gair, S. (2015) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.009 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Subsequently, empathy researchers have explored the role of altruism, motivation, perspective taking and within-group preferences in giving empathy, while more recent researchers have hypothesised the role of brain mirror neurons in feeling empathy.(17,18) Other authors speculate on an increasing erosion of empathy, a…”
Background
From Neurons to Social Beings: Short Review of the Mirror Neuron System Research and Its Socio-Psychological and Psychiatric Implications
Jeon, H., & Lee, S. (2018) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.18 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Insights From fMRI Studies Into Ingroup Bias
Molenberghs, P., & Louis, W. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01868 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Tourists' values and empathic attitude toward sustainable development in tourism
Adongo, C. A., Taale, F., & Adam, I. (2018) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Virtual Peacemakers: Mimicry Increases Empathy in Simulated Contact with Virtual Outgroup Members
Hasler, B. S., Hirschberger, G., Shani-Sherman, T., & Friedman, D. A. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0213 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“13 Inzlicht et al. 14 claimed that if prejudice against an out-group reduces mimicry, the reverse might also be possible.”
Beta oscillations reveal ethnicity ingroup bias in sensorimotor resonance to pain of others
Riečanský, I., Paul, N., Kölble, S., Stieger, S., & Lamm, C. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu139 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The ingroup favoritism in action preparation is also indicated by a plethora of findings that people tend to behave in synchrony with ingroup rather than outgroup persons (Yabar et al., 2006; Bourgeois and Hess, 2008; Efferson et al., 2008; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010; Fu et al., 2012).”
Right frontal cortical asymmetry predicts empathic reactions: Support for a link between withdrawal motivation and empathy
Tullett, A. M., Harmon‐Jones, E., & Inzlicht, M. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01395.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Humans and other animals have evolved ways of “catching” the emotions of others, a process referred to as emotional contagion (Gutsell & Inzlicht, in press; Preston & de Waal, 2002; see also Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
From tablet to table: How augmented reality influences food desirability
Fritz, W., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2022) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-022-00919-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Further, perceived personal relevance of an object or advertisement has been previously shown to increase both message processing (Ajzen et al., 1996) and mental simulation (Buckner et al., 2008; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010; Ülkümen & Thomas, 2013).”
Background
Stereotypes and stereotyping: What's the brain got to do with it?
Susanne Quadflieg, A., & Macrae, C. N. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.627998 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“This differential effect appears to be amplified by prejudiced attitudes and for particularly disliked groups (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010).”
Background
Individual differences in empathy are associated with apathy-motivation
Lockwood, P. L., Ang, Y., Husain, M., & Crockett, M. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17415-w · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Seeing is believing: Neural mechanisms of action-perception are biased by team membership
Molenberghs, P., Halász, V., Mattingley, J. B., Vanman, E. J., & Cunnington, R. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22044 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“A recent EEG study [Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010] found that participants with higher prejudice show less mu suppression (which is used as an index of mirror neuron activity during action observation) in the left parietal lobe during observation of out-group actions compared with in-group actions.”
Background
Is empathy related to the perception of emotional expression in music? A multimodal time-series analysis.
Wöllner, C. (2012) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0027392 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Behavioral Investigation of the Influence of Social Categorization on Empathy for Pain: A Minimal Group Paradigm Study
Montalan, B., Lelard, T., Godefroy, O., & Mouras, H. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00389 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Further investigations should be conducted to explore the neural basis of this minimal ingroup bias in line with previous neural researches on empathy for pain in intergroup contexts (Xu et al., 2009; Avenanti et al., 2010; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010; for a review, see Chiao and Mathur, 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Increased Moral Sensitivity for Outgroup Perpetrators Harming Ingroup Members
Molenberghs, P., Gapp, J., Wang, B., Louis, W. R., & Decety, J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu195 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“with outgroup members (Xu et al. 2009; Decety et al. 2010; Gutsell and Inzlicht 2010; Hein et al. 2010; Cheon et al. 2011; Cikara and Fiske 2011; Cikara, Botvinick et al. 2011; Gutsell and Inzlicht 2012; Azevedo et al. 2013).”
Background
The influence of group membership and individual differences in psychopathy and perspective taking on neural responses when punishing and rewarding others
Molenberghs, P., Bosworth, R., Nott, Z. E., Louis, W. R., Smith, J. R., Amiot, C. E., Vohs, K. D., & Decety, J. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22527 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…Morrison, 2014; Morrison et al., 2012; Volz et al., 2009], empathize [Cikara et al., 2011; Hein et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2009], perceive actions [Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010; Molenberghs et al., 2013] and faces [Cunningham et al., 2004; Van Bavel et al., 2008] differently for in-group and…”
Background
Putting Ourselves in Another’s Skin: Using the Plasticity of Self-Perception to Enhance Empathy and Decrease Prejudice
Farmer, H., & Maister, L. (2017) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-017-0294-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In the motor domain, Gutsell and Inzlicht (2010) tested White participants and found less mu suppression, a sign of motor cortex activation, when viewing actions performed by a member of a racial out-group compared to when viewing those of a White person.”
Background
White fragility: An emotion regulation perspective.
Ford, B. Q., Green, D. J.-A., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000968 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Domain-Incremental Continual Learning for Mitigating Bias in Facial Expression and Action Unit Recognition
Churamani, N., Kara, Ö., & Güneş, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3181033 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Gutsell et al. [27], through a series of experiments with participants (30 white university students) interacting with in-group (in this case, participants with a Caucasian ethnic identity) and out-group (excluded from this circle; in this case, African–Canadian, East-Asian, South-Asian ethnic…”
Background
Prejudiced interactions: implicit racial bias reduces predictive simulation during joint action with an out-group avatar
Sacheli, L. M., Christensen, A., Giese, M. A., Taubert, N., Pavone, E. F., Aglioti, S. M., & Candidi, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08507 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Racial identification modulates default network activity for same and other races
Mathur, V. A., Harada, T., & Chiao, J. Y. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21330 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Recent evidence further indicates that ingroup biases in empathic neural response are associated with unconscious racial bias [Avenanti et al., 2010; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010].”
Background
“Embodying an outgroup: the role of racial bias and the effect of multisensory processing in somatosensory remapping”
Fini, C., Cardini, F., Tajadura-Jiménez, A., Serino, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00165 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“However, when the painful stimulus is delivered to a person belonging to an outgroup, sensorimotor resonance vanishes (Avenanti et al., 2010; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010, 2012).”
Background
The psychophysiological measurement of empathy
Neumann, D. L., & Westbury, H. R. (2011) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Group Membership Affects Spontaneous Mental Representation: Failure to Represent the Out-Group in a Joint Action Task
McClung, J., Jentzsch, I., & Reicher, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079178 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Gutsell and Inzlicht used EEG measurements to show that participants demonstrate perception-action coupling (activity in the motor cortex from merely observing an action being carried out) only when observing an in-group member perform an action and not when observing an out-group member perform the same action [47].”
Background
Motivating empathy: Three methodological recommendations for mapping empathy
Cameron, C. D. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12418 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The world looks better together: How close others enhance our visual experiences
Boothby, E. J., SMITH, L. K., Clark, M. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2017) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12201 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…extent than does observing the same experience of a friend (Meyer et al., 2012), and empathic responses are deactivated with strangers with whom one does not wish to bond (Shaw, Batson, & Todd, 1994), particularly if the stranger is perceived as an out-group member (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010, 2012).”
Background
Change my body, change my mind: the effects of illusory ownership of an outgroup hand on implicit attitudes toward that outgroup
Farmer, H., Maister, L., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…in the case of multisensory-induced changes in body-ownership, unlike the cases of empathy for pain (Avenanti et al., 2010) and action observation (Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010), participant’s pre-existing racial bias does not play a significant role in determining the amount of association between…”
Background
It’s Not “All in Your Head”
Soliman, T. M., Johnson, K. A., & Song, H. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615606373 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…of the mental states of others, their response is biased to be consistent with their own general tendencies and dispositions more so than may be objectively supported by the situation (Calvo-Merino, Glaser, Grezes, Passingham, & Haggard, 2006; Casile & Giese, 2006; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010).”
Background
Empathy and Its Role in Morality
Masto, M. (2015) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/sjp.12097 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Acquiring group bias: Observing other people’s nonverbal signals can create social group biases.
Skinner, A. L., Olson, K. R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000218 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…2011; Howard, Henderson, Carrazza, & Woodward, 2015; Kinzler, Corriveau, & Harris, 2011; Likowski, Mühlberger, Seibt, Pauli, & Weyers, 2008; WatsonJones, Whitehouse, & Legare, 2016), as well as mentally simulate (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010), the actions of ingroup members and those whom they like.”
Intimate imitation: Automatic motor imitation in romantic relationships
Maister, L., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.018 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The plasticity of the mirror system: How reward learning modulates cortical motor simulation of others
Trilla, I., Panasiti, M. S., & Chakrabarti, B. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.033 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“There is substantial indirect evidence for the plasticity of the MNS response in humans using different task manipulations (e.g., group membership (Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010), familiarity (Liew et al., 2011; Oberman et al., 2008)), which can be potentially argued to alter the reward value of the…”
Personal Relevance and Mental Simulation Amplify the Duration Framing Effect
Ülkümen, G., & Thomas, M. (2012) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.10.0172 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Using electroencephalography, Gutsell and Inzlicht (2010) find that motor neurons are active when participants observe a member of an in-group performing an action but not when participants observe a member of an out-group performing the same action.”
Background
A typology of empathy and its many moral forms
Read, H. (2019) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12623 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Role of Beneficiaries’ Group Identity in Determining Successful Appeal Strategies for Charitable Giving
Park, K., & Lee, S. S. (2015) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20852 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10.1002/mar mirror-neuron system that underlies the mental simulation of the behavior of others is blocked in response to out-group members (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Shaming into Brown: Somatic Transactions of Race in Latina/o Literature
Fetta, S. (2018) · doi:10.26818/9780814213858 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The enemy’s gaze: Immersive virtual environments enhance peace promoting attitudes and emotions in violent intergroup conflicts
Hasson, Y., Schori‐Eyal, N., Landau, D. H., Hasler, B. S., Lévy, J., Friedman, D. A., & Halperin, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222342 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“First, individuals naturally embrace their ingroup’s perspective rather than the outgroup’s [11] and they are often unable (i.”
Background
Exploring the Effect of Cooperation in Reducing Implicit Racial Bias and Its Relationship With Dispositional Empathy and Political Attitudes
Patané, I., Lelgouarch, A., Banakou, D., Verdelet, G., Desoche, C., Koun, É., Salemme, R., Slater, M., & Farnè, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.510787 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Trust your gut or think carefully? Examining whether an intuitive, versus a systematic, mode of thought produces greater empathic accuracy.
Ma‐Kellams, C., & Lerner, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000063 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…often fail to understand the experiences of perceived out-group members (e.g., Avenanti, Sirigu, & Aglioti, 2010; Cikara & Van Bavel, 2014; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010; Harris & Fiske, 2006, 2007; Hein, Silani, Preuschoff, Batson, & Singer, 2010; Leyens et al.,2000; Ma-Kellams & Blascovich,…”
Neural mirroring and social interaction: Motor system involvement during action observation relates to early peer cooperation
Endedijk, H. M., Meyer, M., Harold Bekkering, A., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Hunnius, S. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.01.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“and enhanced mirroring for in-group members than for out-group members (Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010; Molenberghs et al., 2013; Rauchbauer et al., 2015).”
Biology and the Deep History of Homicide
Roth, R. A. (2011) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azr029 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
In Two Minds: Similarity, Threat, and Prejudice Contribute to Worse Mindreading of Outgroups Compared With an Ingroup
Ekerim-Akbulut, M., Selçuk, B., Slaughter, V. P., Hunter, J. A., & Ruffman, T. (2019) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022119883699 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Gutsell and Inzlicht (2010) found that higher levels of prejudice were negatively linked with activation of mirror neurons, thought to be involved in an accurate comprehension of others’ minds.”
Background
Taking a fresh perspective: Vicarious restoration as a means of recovering self-control
Egan, P. M., Hirt, E. R., & Karpen, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Given the direct (e.g., Goldman, 2006) and indirect (e.g., Cattaneo & Rizzolatti, 2009; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010) links between perspectivetaking and direct neurological experiences, it follows that taking another's perspective can lead to emotional (e.g., Weisbuch & Ambady, 2008), behavioral…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A review of literature on the link between action observation and action language: advancing a shared semantic theory
Bidet-Ildei, C., Beauprez, S.-A., & Badets, A. (2020) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100777 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Group-Level Theory of Helping and Altruism Within and Across Group Boundaries
Stürmer, S., & Siem, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53026-0_6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Characterizing the Action-Observation Network Through Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Review
Condy, E. E., Miguel, H. O., Millerhagen, J., Harrison, D., Khaksari, K., Fox, N. A., & Gandjbakhche, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.627983 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex plays a causal role in mediating in-group advantage in emotion recognition: A TMS study.
Gamond, L., & Cattaneo, Z. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.011 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…help individuals to understand others’ states and intentions (Fridlund and Russell, 2006), such mentalizing processes are highly sensitive to social group membership (e.g., Adams et al., 2010; Azevedo et al., 2013; Franklin Jr et al., 2015; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010; Paladino et al., 2002).”
The influence of threat on perceived spatial distance to out-group members
Fini, C., Verbeke, P., Sieber, S., Moors, A., Braß, M., & Genschow, O. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1091-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Down-modulation of mu-activity through empathic top-down processes
Hoenen, M., Schain, C., & Pause, B. M. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.833550 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In contrast to baselines used in previous studies [e.g., blank screen (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010), white noise (Ulloa & Pineda, 2007), or fixation cross (Perry, Stein, & Bentin, 2011)], in the present study, the visual information of the baseline was matched to the experimental conditions.”
BackgroundMethodResult
Cognitive empathy and motor activity during observed actions
Milston, S. I., Vanman, E. J., & Cunnington, R. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.020 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…128 This would seem to be an extension of such an effect found in typically developed people with regard to racially different groups; mu suppression was reduced when observing actions performed by those ethnically different compared to those of the same ethnicity (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010, 2011).”
Background
Intergroup empathy: Enhanced neural resonance for ingroup facial emotion in a shared neural production-perception network
Krautheim, J. T., Dannlowski, U., Steines, M., Neziroğlu, G., Acosta, H., Sommer, J. B., Straube, B., & Kircher, T. T. J. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.048 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Social perceptions of warmth and competence influence behavioral intentions and neural processing
Simon, J. C., Styczynski, N., & Gutsell, J. N. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00767-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neighborhood racial demographics predict infants’ neural responses to people of different races
Hwang, H. G., Debnath, R., Meyer, M., Salo, V. C., Fox, N. A., & Woodward, A. L. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13070 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…processing, another potential mechanism involved in ingroup bias could be mirroring: adults show differential activity in the neural mirroring system when viewing ingroup members compared to outgroup individuals (Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010, 2012, 2013; Liew et al., 2011; Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2007).”
Background
Teachers’ contributions to the school climate and using empathy at work: implications from qualitative research in two European countries
Martinsone, B., & Žydžiūnaitė, V. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160546 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“These results match other research-based considerations (Gair, 2009; Gutsell and Inzlicht, 2010) that empathy builds a positive classroom culture, strengthens the community, develops soft teacher leadership, and prepares students to be leaders in their community through the use of teachers as role models.”
Result
Impact of being primed with social deception upon observer responses to others’ pain
Ruddere, L. D., Goubert, L., Vervoort, T., Kappesser, J., & Crombez, G. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.10.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Furthermore, research revealed that observers feel less empathy and less altruistic motivation for members of one’s social out-group [12,22].”
Background
An Education in Narratives
Gallagher, S. (2013) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2013.779213 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…regard, various studies show that we are more inclined to empathize with people who are closer and more like ourselves (in-group) than with those who are more distant and more unlike ourselves (out-group) (Boltanski, 1999; Chouliaraki, 2006; Xu, Zuo, Wang, & Han, 2009; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010).”
Background
Towards a More Precise Conceptualization of Empathy: An Integrative Review of Literature on Definitions, Associated Functions, and Developmental Trajectories
Zurek, P. P., & Scheithauer, H. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-16224 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Empathy as a predictor of high‐quality interpersonal apologies
Schumann, K., & Dragotta, A. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2786 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Testing the Link Between Empathy and Lay Theories of Happiness
Tullett, A. M., & Plaks, J. E. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216665092 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…et al., 1994; Tullett, Harmon-Jones, & Inzlicht, 2012), or neurophysiological responses (e.g., Carr, Iacoboni, Dubeau, Mazziotta, & Lenzi, 2003; Gutsell & Inzlicht, 2010; Lamm, Batson, & Decety, 2007), the present research extends this literature by focusing on how prior, generalized beliefs…”
Creating spaces for critical reflection in social work education: learning from a classroom-based empathy project
Gair, S. (2011) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2011.601099 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Mimicry reduces racial prejudice
Inzlicht, M., Gutsell, J. N., & Legault, L. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intergroup differences in the sharing of emotive states: Neural evidence of an empathy gap
Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr035 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Closed Circle of Empathy: Mirror Neuron System Activation and Anterior EEG Asymmetries in Response to Outgroup Members
Gutsell, J. N. (2009) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive empathy and motor activity during observed actions
Milston, S. I., Vanman, E. J., & Cunnington, R. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.020 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Perspective taking reduces group biases in sensorimotor resonance
Gutsell, J. N., Simon, J. C., & Jiang, Y. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.037 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Gutsell, Jennifer N.
ORCID: Gutsell, Jennifer N.
Inzlicht, Michael
Venue: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-09
Volume: 46
Issue: 5
Pages: 841-845
ISSN: 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.011
OpenAlex: W2115165082
Semantic Scholar: fc5db1dbc9b1bf53012ed8ee9501c3c28c3e1640
Cited by: 379
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 21.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Funders: Research and Innovation Foundation
Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
Keywords: empathy, prejudice, perception-action coupling, action observation, mental simulation, outgroup, ingroup, motor cortex, EEG, intergroup relations

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Empathy constrained: prejudice predicts reduced mental simulation of actions during observation of outgroups

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