Cited by 754Aging and Gerontology ResearchGenetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model OrganismsT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: The senieur protocol

Ligthart, Gerard J., Corberand, Joël X., Fournier, Catherine, Galanaud, Pierre, Hijmans, Willy, Kennes, Bernard, Müller-Hermelink, Hans K., Steinmann, Gerhard G.·1984·Mechanisms of Ageing and Development

DOI 10.1016/0047-6374(84)90152-0

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Abstract

Immunogerontological studies in man have often led to conflicting results. One of the main reasons is the selection of the subjects to be studied. Admission criteria such as "apparently healthy" or "without overt disease" seem insufficient to exclude underlying disease which might influence the immune system and thereby the results. In an attempt to solve this problem, the SENIEUR protocol described in this paper was developed by a working party in the framework of the EURAGE Concerted Action Programme on Ageing of the European Community. This protocol establishes strict admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man based on clinical information and laboratory data, and it sets limits to pharmacological interference. The use of this protocol will lead to standardization between centers and also to a closer study of the influence of age as such on the immune system. These findings in the immunologically "optimally aged" can also serve as reference values for immunogerontological studies in subjects who do not meet the SENIEUR criteria. In this way the use of this protocol can contribute to the dissection of the influence of disease versus ageing on the immune system.

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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
Thyroid Function, Morphology and Prevalence of Thyroid Disease in a Population‐Based Study of Danish Centenarians
Andersen‐Ranberg, K., Jeune, B., Høier‐Madsen, M., & Hegedűs, L. D. (1999) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb05205.x · Cited by 33
Health Differences in Advanced Old Age
Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E., & Borchelt, M. (1993) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x00001380 · Cited by 35
“For instance, efforts have been made to define inclusion criteria for studies of immunofunction in old age (Ligthart et al. 1984).”
Background
Differential expression of the α- and β-isoforms of protein kinase C in peripheral blood T and B cells from young and elderly adults
Whisler, R. L., Newhouse, Y. G., Grants, I. S., & Hackshaw, K. V. (1995) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(94)01526-r · Cited by 33
Age-Associated Alteration in Innate Immune Response in Captive Baboons
McFarlane, D., Wolf, R. F., McDaniel, K. A., & White, G. L. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr146 · Cited by 31
Aging-Related Oxidative Stress: Positive Effect of Memory Training
Pesce, M., Tatangelo, R., Fratta, I. L., Rizzuto, A., Campagna, G., Turli, C., Ferrone, A., Franceschelli, S., Speranza, L., Patruno, A., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.046 · Cited by 32
“Anyone reaching the "exclusion criteria" adapted from the SENIEUR protocol for demographic suitability was excluded from the study (Ligthart et al., 1984).”
Blood-based redox-signature and their association to the cognitive scores in MCI and Alzheimer’s disease patients
Perrotte, M., Page, A. Y. L., Fournet, M., Sayec, M. L., Rassart, É., Fülöp, T., & Ramassamy, C. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.452 · Cited by 33
Intracellular cytokine production and cognition in healthy older adults
Simpson, E. E. A., Hodkinson, C. F., Maylor, E. A., McCormack, J. M., Rae, G., Strain, J., Alexander, H. D., & Wallace, J. M. W. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.007 · Cited by 32
“screening session based on defined exclusion criteria, adapted from the SENIEUR protocol (Ligthart et al., 1984) for demographic suitability (see Table 1).”
Method
Effects of Japanese traditional medicines on circulating cytokine levels in women with hot flashes
Yasui, T., Matsui, S., Yamamoto, S., Uemura, H., Tsuchiya, N., Noguchi, M., Yuzurihara, M., Kase, Y., & Irahara, M. (2010) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181e5063c · Cited by 32
“Participants suspected of having infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, or malignancy or autoimmune diseases; of being undernourished; or of abusing alcohol or drugs were excluded according to the Senior Europeans (SENIEUR) protocol.(12) Seven premenopausal women who had regular menstruation, 51 perimenopausal w…”
Method
Elevated Levels of Fragmented DNA Nucleosomes in Native and Activated Lymphocytes Indicate an Enhanced Sensitivity to Apoptosis in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease
Eckert, A., Oster, M., Zerfass, R., Hennerici, M. G., & Müller, W. E. (2001) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000051242 · Cited by 31
Does aging affect the immune status? A comparative analysis in 300 healthy volunteers from France, Austria and Spain
Vasson, M., Farges, M., Gonçalves-Mendes, N., Talvas, J., Ribalta, J., Winklhofer‐Roob, B. M., Rock, E., & Rossary, A. (2013) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/1742-4933-10-38 · Cited by 30
“good nutritional status, absence of disease, no sign of inflammation or infection, no drug delivery) as well as rigorous exclusion criteria with detailed measurement of the immune markers [18].”
BackgroundMethod
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of anti-tetanus toxoid antibody response in the elderly. Humoral immune response enhancement by thymostimulin
Fagiolo, U., Amadori, A., Biselli, R., Paganelli, R., Nisini, R., Cozzi, E., Zamarchi, R., & D’Amelio, R. (1993) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/0264-410x(93)90104-6 · Cited by 32
Age-related impairments in TCR/CD3 activation of ZAP-70 are associated with reduced tyrosine phosphorylations of ζ-chains and p59fyn/p56lck in human T cells
Whisler, R. L., Chen, M., Beiqing, L., & Newhouse, Y. G. (1999) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00074-3 · Cited by 32
Are the Healthy Vulnerable? Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity in Healthy Adults Is Associated With Accelerated Epigenetic Age and Immune Dysregulation
Poloni, C., Szyf, M., Cheishvili, D., & Tsoukas, C. M. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab365 · Cited by 32
“The healthy status was defined using a strict version of the SENIEUR protocol criteria that also excluded those with any previous cardiac events such as myocardial infarction or stroke [24].”
Method
Effect of age on DNA binding of the ku protein in irradiated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
Frasca, D., Barattini, P., Tirindelli, D., Guidi, L., Bartoloni, C., Errani, A. R., Costanzo, M., Tricerri, A., Pierelli, L., & Doria, G. (1999) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(99)00026-1 · Cited by 31
Association of serum cytokine concentrations with psychological symptoms in midlife women
Yasui, T., Maegawa, M., Tomita, J., Miyatani, Y., Yamada, M., Uemura, H., Ueno, S., Numata, S., Ohmori, T., Tsuchiya, N., et al. (2007) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2007.02.004 · Cited by 31
Decreased maturation of T-cell populations in the healthy elderly: Influence of nutritional factors on the appearance of double negative CD4-, CD8-, CD2+ cells
Lesourd, B., Laisney, C., Salvatore, R., Meaume, S., & Moulias, R. (1994) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(05)80059-7 · Cited by 31
Associations of circulating adiponectin with estradiol and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in postmenopausal women
Miyatani, Y., Yasui, T., Uemura, H., Yamada, M., Matsuzaki, T., Kuwahara, A., Tsuchiya, N., Yuzurihara, M., Kase, Y., & Irahara, M. (2008) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31815c85ed · Cited by 31
“Participants suspected of having infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, malignancy or autoimmune diseases; of being undernourished; or of abusing alcohol or drugs were excluded according to the SENIEUR protocol.(20) The SENIEUR protocol provides the structural basis for analyses of aging in a well-defined”
Background
Cardiovascular Response to Graded Lower Body Negative Pressure in Young and Elderly Man
Hoeyweghen, R. V., Hanson, J., Stewart, M., Dethune, L., Davies, I., Little, R., Horan, M. A., & Kirkman, E. (2001) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/eph8602153 · Cited by 31
“The study was conducted on healthy male volunteers who did not suffer any cardiovascular, autonomic or neurological dysfunction or disease, were not taking any medication and who fulfilled the health requirements of the SENIEUR protocol (Ligthart et al. 1984, 1990; Barton et al. 1993).”
Background
RESEARCH IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORT AND HEALTH
Erceg, M., Velickovska, L. A., Gontarev, S., Naumovski, M., Kalac, R., Hristovski, R., Čular, D., Popovski, L., Dadasovic, M., Meshkovska, N., et al. (2013) · Cited by 31
PLASMA INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RESPONSE TO SURGICAL TRAUMA IN CHRONIC DEPRESSED PATIENTS
Kudoh, A., Katagai, H., & Takazawa, T. (2001) · Cytokine · doi:10.1006/cyto.2000.0802 · Cited by 31
Differential Expression of Various T Cell Surface Markers in Young and Elderly Subjects
Kudlacek, S., Jahandideh-Kazempour, S., Graninger, W. B., Willvonseder, R., & Pietschmann, P. (1995) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80097-5 · Cited by 31
Age-related changes in the activation requirements of human CD4+ T-cell subsets
Beckman, I., Dimopoulos, K., Xu, X., Ahern, M. J., & Bradley, J. (1991) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/0008-8749(91)90003-t · Cited by 31
C4, BF, C3 Allele Distribution and Complement Activity in Healthy Aged People and Centenarians
Bellavia, D., Fradà, G., Franco, P. D., Feo, S., Franceschi, C., Sansoni, P., & Brai, M. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/54.4.b150 · Cited by 30
Natural Killer Cells and Exercise Training in the Elderly: A Review
Dipenta, J. M., Green-Johnson, J. M., & Murphy, R. J. L. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h04-027 · Cited by 30
Age-related changes in functions of peripheral blood phagocytes
Rabatić, S., Sabioncello, A., Dekaris, D., & Kardum, I. (1988) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(88)90004-8 · Cited by 30
Living long and ageing well: is epigenomics the missing link between nature and nurture?
The ACUME2 Project, Rea, I. M., Dellett, M., & Mills, K. (2015) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-015-9589-5 · Cited by 29
“In the BELFAST study, 90 year old subjects, who were 'very good' for their age, also called 'elite' and met the Senieur protocol (Lightart et al. 1984), were recruited through their General Practitioners, from the Greater Belfast area.”
Method
Psychoneurodendocrine correlates of lymphocyte subsets during healthy ageing
Collaziol, D., Luz, C., Dornelles, F. N., da Cruz, I. B. M., & Bauer, M. E. (2004) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.009 · Cited by 29
Healthy Aging Is Associated with Unaltered Production of Immunoreactive Growth Hormone but Impaired Neuroimmunomodulation
Luz, C., Collaziol, D., Preissler, T., da Cruz, I. B. M., Glock, L., & Bauer, M. E. (2006) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000097535 · Cited by 29
Cell surface markers, inositol phosphate levels and membrane potential of lymphocytes from young and old human patients
Varga, Z., Bressani, N., Zaid, A.-M., Bene, L., Fülöp, T., Leovey, A., Fabris, Ν., & Damjanovich, S. (1990) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/0165-2478(90)90072-x · Cited by 29
The Decline of the Immune Response during Aging: the Role of an Altered Lipid Metabolisma
Wick, G., Huber, L. A., Xu, Q., Jarosch, E., Schönitzer, D., & Jürgens, G. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb16986.x · Cited by 29
Community-living nonagenarians in Northern Ireland have lower plasma homocysteine but similar methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolabile genotype prevalence compared to 70–89-year-old subjects
Rea, I. M., McMaster, D., Woodside, J. V., Young, I. S., Archbold, G. P. R., Linton, T., Lennox, S., McNulty, H., Harmon, D. L., & Whitehead, A. S. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00417-7 · Cited by 29
Differences in Cytokine Production during Aging and Its Relationship with Antimicrobial Peptides Production
Castañeda‐Delgado, J. E., Frausto-Lujan, I., Gonzalez-Curiel, I. E., Montoya-Rosales, A., Serrano, C. J., Torres-Juárez, F., Enciso‐Moreno, J. A., & Rivas-Santiago, B. T. (2016) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820139.2016.1212873 · Cited by 28
“The evaluated characteristics corresponded to those recommended in the “Seniour protocol” for immunogerontological studies (Ligthart et al., 1984).”
MethodInfluential
Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aged horse
DeNotta, S. A. L., & McFarlane, D. (2023) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-022-00325-5 · Cited by 32
“In human immunological research, procedures have been developed [21], which combine history, clinical examination, and diagnostic laboratory results to recruit healthy aged subjects for study inclusion.”
Background
Investigation of KIR diversity in immunosenecence and longevity within the Irish population
Maxwell, L. D., Ross, O. A., Curran, M. D., Rea, I. M., & Middleton, D. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.05.003 · Cited by 27
Aging-associated inflammation in healthy Japanese individuals and patients with Werner syndrome
Goto, M., Sugimoto, K., Hayashi, S., Ogino, T., Sugimoto, M., Furuichi, Y., Matsuura, M., Ishikawa, Y., Iwaki-Egawa, S., & Watanabe, Y. (2012) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.08.010 · Cited by 28
“Exclusion protocol for elderly individuals met the SENIEUR criteria (Ligthart et al., 1984).”
Effects of moderate mountain hiking and balneotherapy on community-dwelling older people: A randomized controlled trial
Proßegger, J., Huber, D., Grafetstätter, C., Pichler, C., Weisböck-Erdheim, R., Iglseder, B., Wewerka, G., & Hartl, A. J. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.006 · Cited by 30
Age-dependent changes in the expression of dopamine receptor subtypes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Barili, P., Bronzetti, E., Felici, L., Ferrante, F., Rícci, A., Zaccheo, D., & Amenta, F. (1996) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00127-0 · Cited by 28
Analysis of fluorescent low density lipoprotein uptake by lymphocytes, paradoxical increase in the elderly
Traill, K. N., Jürgens, G., Böck, G., Huber, L. A., Schönitzer, D., Widhalm, K., Winter, U., & Wick, G. (1987) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(87)90023-6 · Cited by 28

Authors: Ligthart, G. J., Corberand, J. X., Fournier, C., Galanaud, P., Hijmans, W., Kennes, B., Müller-Hermelink, H. K., & Steinmann, G. G.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
Université Paris-Sud (FR)
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
Corresponding author: Ligthart, Gerard J.
ORCID: Galanaud, Pierre
Venue: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1984-11
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-55
ISSN: 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(84)90152-0
OpenAlex: W2037412303
Cited by: 754
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 13.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: healthy aging, reference values, age-related immune changes
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aging, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Infections, Inflammation, Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Neoplasms, Research Design

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Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: The senieur protocol

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