Human eating: evidence for a physiological basis using a modified paradigm
Abstract
The aim of these studies was to determine if meal requests and changes in hunger ratings in humans were related to spontaneous changes in blood glucose concentration. In our first study, 18 healthy subjects were acutely isolated from food ant time cues. Blood glucose was continuously monitored online and visual analog ratings of hunger were obtained following an overnight fast. Spoken meal requests, if they occurred, were also recorded. In 83% of the subjects, both the perception and behavioral expression of hunger, as assessed by changes in hunger ratings and meal requests, were preceded by, and correlated with, brief, transient declines in blood glucose (nadir: -10% at 27 min). The pattern, magnitude and time course of these declines was similar to those observed in rats. This significant association, between increased expression of hunger and declines in blood glucose, is being tested in a second, ongoing study using acute insulin infusions to mimic spontaneous transient declines in blood glucose. Each subject was studied twice: either insulin or saline was infused while hunger ratings were obtained. Preliminary results in five subjects indicate that hunger ratings increased after insulin-induced transient declines in blood glucose. No change in hunger ratings occurred when blood glucose concentration was stable. These results suggest that this temporal pattern of blood glucose reflects an antecedent physiological event or provides a signal related to the expression of hunger in humans. Further understanding of human eating may result from investigation of the complex interaction of physiological and other factors in an experimental setting that allows the expression the behavior under study.
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Spontaneous transient declines in blood glucose predict hunger, meal initiation or requests, and energy intake.
“Furthermore, spontaneous transient declines in blood glucose predict hunger, meal initiation or requests, and energy intake (82–84).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [82]
The decline in blood glucose (and other metabolic fuels) in the late postprandial period after a high-GI meal constitutes a powerful homeostatic hunger signal.
“The decline in blood glucose (and other metabolic fuels) (13,14) in the late postprandial period after a high-GI meal would not only constitute a powerful homeostatic hunger signal (15)”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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Effects of insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia on energy intake and food choice at a subsequent test meal
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Does Hunger Contribute to Socioeconomic Gradients in Behavior?
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Metabolic and Hormonal Controls of Food Intake: Highlights of the Last 25 Years—1972–1997
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Self-citationBlood Glucose and Hormonal Responses to Small and Large Meals in Healthy Young and Older Women
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Biomarkers of appetite: is there a potential role for metabolomics?
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The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on appetite and food intake in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
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- Authors
- Campfield, L. A., Smith, F. J., Rosenbaum, M., & Hirsch, J.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campfield, L.Arthur
- ORCID
- Rosenbaum, Michael
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 133-137
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027646272
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08dk001983-02, 2m01rr000102-41, 5r01dk030583-18)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-30583, DK01983)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00102)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- hunger, blood glucose, food intake regulation, insulin infusion, food deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hunger, Male, Time Factors
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