Validation of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ).
Abstract
The validity of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was examined by interviewing 81 individuals who had participated in an earlier community survey of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in Iceland. When SAD and subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) were combined into a 'winter problem' group, the questionnaire's sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for that group were 94%, 73% and 45%, respectively. The SPAQ discriminated poorly between SAD and S-SAD, and hence it had a poor case-finding ability for SAD. Clinical evaluation verified a diagnosis of SAD in individuals who had no previous information about this syndrome. The questionnaire furthermore identified a group of individuals who had generalized anxiety and marked seasonal variations. Clinical evaluation arrived at a similar prevalence rate of SAD as the questionnaire.
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The questionnaire has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form.
“However, the questionnaire is retrospective to the routine seasonal changes during lifetime and has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form [62], a high internal consistency [63], and two-month test-ratest reliability [64].”
From Seasonal changes in mood and behavior are linked to metabolic syndrome (2008) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Magnusson, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 121-129
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086006187
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, seasonal affective disorder, questionnaire validation, case finding, sensitivity and specificity, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Iceland, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Seasons, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Incidence, Seasonal Affective Disorder
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