Role of Diet in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Objective To determine whether eucaloric diets either enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 17% energy) or low in carbohydrates (Low CHO; 43% energy) would increase insulin sensitivity (Si) and decrease circulating insulin concentrations, relative to a standard diet (STD; 56% CHO, 31% fat, 16% protein), among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Design Crossover.Setting Academic research environment.Patient(s) Healthy women with PCOS not on hormonal or insulin-sensitizing therapy.Intervention(s) Subjects consumed three, 16-day, eucaloric diets, each separated by a 3-week washout period. A frequently sampled, intravenous, glucose tolerance test was administered at baseline and following each diet.Main outcome measure(s) Fasting glucose, insulin, the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), Si, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), total testosterone (T), free T, A4, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), tryglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA).Result(s) Fasting insulin was lower following the Low CHO diet relative to the STD diet; AIRg was lower following the Low CHO diet relative to the MUFA diet. Fasting glucose, Si, and the circulating concentrations of reproductive hormones were not significantly affected by the intervention.Conclusion(s) A moderate reduction in dietary carbohydrate reduced the fasting and postchallenge insulin concentrations among women with PCOS, which, over time, may improve reproductive/endocrine outcomes.
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After use of low-GI, high-fiber diets for certain periods, women with PCOS had menstrual periods on schedule and lower blood sugar than women on a high-GI diet.
“Douglas et al. (2006) stated that after the use of low-GI, high-fiber diets for certain periods with PCOS, the women had their menstrual periods at the schedule, and their blood sugar was less than the women who had high-GI diet [81].”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as Douglas et al. (2006)
The Abstract and Discussion report that, after 16-day low-carbohydrate diets, fasting glucose was not significantly affected, although the lowest observed concentrations followed the low-carbohydrate diet. The study compared low-carbohydrate, high-MUFA, and standard diets—not low- and high-GI diets—and did not report scheduled menstrual periods. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter use of low-GI, high-fiber diets for certain periods, women with PCOS had menstrual periods on schedule and lower blood sugar than women on a high-GI diet.
“Douglas et al. (2006) stated that after the use of low-GI, high-fiber diets for certain periods with PCOS, the women had their menstrual periods at the schedule, and their blood sugar was less than the women who had high-GI diet [81].”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the 16-day low-carbohydrate diet had no treatment effect on fasting glucose, although glucose concentrations were lowest after that diet. The study compared low-carbohydrate, standard, and MUFA diets—not low- versus high-GI diets—and did not report that menstrual periods became regular. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA low-carbohydrate diet serving 43% of total caloric intake over 16 days resulted in notable decreases in fasting and post-exercise insulin levels.
“A low-carbohydrate diet serving 43% of total caloric intake over 16 days resulted in notable decreases in fasting and post-exercise insulin levels, implying a promising short-term dietary manipulation [81].”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
The Abstract (page unavailable) describes a 16-day diet providing 43% of energy from carbohydrate and reports lower fasting insulin. It reports lower insulin after a glucose challenge, not after exercise; the glucose-tolerance-test methods (page unavailable) confirm that the challenge was intravenous glucose. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll low-carbohydrate studies were designed to be eucaloric and found a low-CHO diet to lower fasting insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C concentrations, HOMA-IR, and area under the curve insulin, as well as to improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with PCOS.
“All of the studies were designed to be eucaloric and found a low-CHO diet to lower fasting insulin [72,73,74], glucose [73], total cholesterol [72,73], LDL-C concentrations [73,74], HOMA-IR [73], and area under the curve insulin [74], as well as to improve insulin sensitivity [73] in individuals with PCOS.”
From Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
Studies that modified dietary patterns without a caloric deficit saw improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors.
“studies that modified dietary patterns without a caloric deficit [72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,87,108] saw improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors”
From Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
Short- and long-term reductions in fasting and post-challenge insulin concentrations, as markers of increased insulin sensitivity, can over time improve menstrual regularity and reproductive outcomes in obese women with PCOS.
“both short and long-term reductions in fasting and post-challenge insulin concentrations, as markers of increased insulin sensitivity, that can over time improve menstrual regularity and reproductive outcomes in obese women with PCOS [131,132].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [131]
There was no difference for most anthropometric, metabolic, fertility, non-fertility, QoL and emotional wellbeing outcomes between different macronutrient dietary compositions.
“There was no difference for most anthropometric, metabolic, fertility, non-fertility, QoL and emotional wellbeing outcomes.”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [169]
There was no difference between the diet-delivery methods for most anthropometric, QoL, and emotional wellbeing outcomes.
“There was no difference between the diet-delivery methods for most anthropometric, QoL, and emotional wellbeing outcomes.”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [169]
Regardless of diet composition, a diet aimed at reducing weight yielded benefits in PCOS.
“Regardless of diet composition, a diet aimed at reducing weight yielded benefits in PCOS.”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [169]
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Perelman, D., Coghlan, N., Lamendola, C., Carter, S., Abbasi, F., & McLaughlin, T. (2017) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2016.1259407 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Herbert, S., & Woolf, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15245069 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“All of the studies were designed to be eucaloric and found a low-CHO diet to lower fasting insulin [72–74], glucose [73], total cholesterol [72,73], LDL-C concentrations [73,74], HOMA-IR [73], and area under the curve insulin [74], as well as to improve insulin sensitivity [73] in individuals with…”
BackgroundInfluentialNutrients as novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome
Mansour, A., Hosseini, S., Larijani, B., & Mohajeri-Tehrani, M. R. (2016) · IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund · doi:10.17179/excli2016-422 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Douglas, C. C., Gower, B. A., Darnell, B. E., Ovalle, F., Oster, R. A., & Azziz, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Douglas, Crystal C.
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 679-688
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3752890
- OpenAlex
- W1989626510
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR00032)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30-DK56336, P30DK056336)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR00032, M01RR000032)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD029364, K24-HD011346, R01-HD29364)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, dietary intervention, low-carbohydrate diet, monounsaturated fatty acids, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, acute insulin response, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, glucose tolerance, eucaloric diet
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Endocrine Glands, Fasting, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Female, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Osmolar Concentration, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Cross-Over Studies
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