Response to treatments for depression: The role of initial status on targeted cognitive and behavioral skills
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The findings suggest a building on strengths model such that individuals with greater capacity to implicitly regulate their emotions may benefit more from psychological treatment.
“Together, this would suggest a ‘building on strengths’ model (Engebretson et al., 1989; Rude and Rehm, 1991), such that individuals with greater capacity to implicitly regulate their emotions may benefit more from psychological treatment.”
From Neural connectivity during affect labeling predicts treatment response to psychological therapies for social anxiety disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Rude and Rehm, 1991
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Fournier, J. C., DeRubeis, R. J., Shelton, R. C., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J. D., & Gallop, R. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015401 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
“…evidence is mounting to suggest that the efficacy of these treatments may be influenced to some degree by the traits and characteristics of the individuals presenting for treatment (Fournier et al., 2008; Hollon, Jarrett et al., 2005; Leykin et al., 2007; Rude & Rehm, 1991; Sotsky et al., 1991).”
BackgroundRitchey, M., Dolcos, F., Eddington, K. M., Strauman, T. J., & Cabeza, R. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.007 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
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“Finally, Rude and Rehm (1991) reviewed studies examining pretreatment status on targeted symptoms and found that clients with less negative thinking before treatment had better CBT outcomes than clients with more negative thinking.”
BackgroundConstantino, M. J., Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C. M., & Agras, W. S. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.2.203 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
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“Several potential predictors of outcome have been identified in previous studies, such as severity of depression, homework compliance, and cognitive functioning (Elkin et al., 1995; Persons, Burns, & Perloff, 1988; Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
BackgroundTreatment utility of psychological assessment.
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“…than existing trait measures, and reflects the fact that automatic thoughts, relative to dysfunctional attitudes and other personality vulnerabilities, are believed to have more of a surface level and situation-specific nature (see Furlong & Oei, 2002; Kwon & Oei, 1994; Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
BackgroundCognitive therapy for depression: conceptual issues and clinical efficacy.
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“The literature suggests that depressed patients with fewer cognitive deficits have more favorable outcomes than do those with more cognitive deficits when treated with CBT (Hamilton & Dobson, 2002; Rude & Rehm, 1991; Simons, Gordon, Monroe, & Thase, 1995).”
Affect labeling enhances exposure effectiveness for public speaking anxiety
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“Two possibilities have been evaluated: individuals with a deficit are more likely to benefit from treatments that target that deficit (compensation), and individuals with a strength will benefit most from a treatment that matches that strength (capitalization; Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
An appraisal of cognitive therapy.
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“Automatic thoughts, having a surface level, situation-specific nature are addressed early in therapy and may be more accessible to change though increased awareness (Rude & Rehm, 1991; Kwon & Oei, 1994).”
BackgroundResultRohde, P., Seeley, J., Kaufman, N., Clarke, G., & Stice, E. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.80 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“This assumption has been referred to as the “compensation” model of treatment response (Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
MethodOn the Integration of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Positive Psychology
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“The aforementioned finding—that CBT works best for those patients who would appear to need its core cognitive interventions the least (see Rude & Rehm, 1991, for a review)— is not easily reconciled with Beck’s (1967) cognitive model of depression.”
BackgroundTreatment guidelines for major depressive disorder
Hollon, S., & Shelton, R. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80004-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cognitive behavior therapy for depression? Choose horses for courses
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“…CBT targeted at specific deficits found it to be more effective in subjects with higher functioning and less deficit, contrary to initial expectation that depressed patients who showed targeted deficits would benefit the most from CBT (Simons et al. 1985; Rude & Rehm, 1991; Burns et al. 1994).”
ResultTanofsky‐Kraff, M., Shomaker, L. B., Wilfley, D. E., Young, J. F., Sbrocco, T., Stephens, M. B., Brady, S. M., Galescu, O. A., Demidowich, A. P., Olsen, C. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000153 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“This speculation is in line with the notion that CBT may focus on patients’ strengths, rather than compensating for their deficits (Rude and Rehm, 1991; Ritchey et al., 2011).”
ResultYoung, J., Gallop, R., & Mufson, L. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903103577 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“There are two potential ways that a risk factor such as parent– child conflict might moderate the effects of an intervention, either through compensation or capitalization (Rohde et al., 2006; Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShort-Term Psychotherapy of Depressive Disorders.
Jarrett, R., & Rush, A. (1994) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1994.11024675 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“…problems may allow clinicians to capitalize on strengths (i.e., enhanced focus on preferred cognitive/behavioral adaptive strategies), and/or compensate for weaknesses (i.e., diminished focus on preferred cognitive/behavioral maladaptive strategies) for adolescents (Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
BackgroundTherapeutic reactance as a predictor of outcome in the treatment of chronic depression.
Arnow, B., Manber, R., Blasey, C., Klein, D. N., Blalock, J., Markowitz, J. C., Rothbaum, B. O., Rush, A., Thase, M., Riso, L. P., et al. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“…consistent with the view that cognitive therapy and other forms of psychotherapy involve learning techniques to relieve depression and that patients with higher cognitive skills that are consistent with the demands of the therapy will be most responsive (Rude & Rehm, 1991; Sotsky et al., 1991 ).”
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“Earlier reviews had also concluded that depressed patients with greater pretreatment cognitive dysfunction (e.g., higher scores on measures of dysfunctional attitudes) were less responsive to CT than were their counterparts with less cognitive dysfunction (Rude & Rehm, 1991; Whisman, 1993).”
BackgroundDepression in Chronic Pain: Mistaken Models, Missed Opportunities
Williams, A. C. D. C. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/02845719808408497 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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“Worse treatment response has been associated with higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes in previous studies of face-to-face CBT [29,39,48,49] and some studies of ICBT [59], but not others [50,56].”
The Role of Attachment Style in Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents
Gunlicks-Stoessel, M., Westervelt, A., Reigstad, K. M., Mufson, L., & Lee, S. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1315465 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Two models have been proposed regarding the manner in which treatment selection may be personalized to match patients’ characteristics and needs (Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialYoung, K. S., LeBeau, R. T., Niles, A. N., Hsu, K. J., Burklund, L. J., Mesri, B., Saxbe, D., Lieberman, M. D., & Craske, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Together, this would suggest a ‘building on strengths’ model (Engebretson et al., 1989; Rude and Rehm, 1991), such that individuals with greater capacity to implicitly regulate their emotions may benefit more from psychological treatment.”
Mode-specific impact of relaxation training for hypertensive men with type a behavior pattern
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“Neither mode-specificity assumptions, nor patient-treatment matching models based on them, have an unblemished empirical record (Rude & Rehm, 1991).”
BackgroundDepression in Children and Adolescents
Garber, J., & Rao, U. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_25 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Presentation of Depression and Response to Group Cognitive Therapy with Older Patients
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“Although the relation between initial depression severity and psychotherapy outcome is much debated (Elkin et al., 1989; Hollon et al., 1991; McLean and Taylor, 1992; Norman et al., 1988; Rude and Rehm, 1991; Shapiro et al., 1994; Sotsky et al., 1991), the most consistent finding so far is that the more intense the de…”
BackgroundAn Overview of Directions in Psychotherapy Integration Research
Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., & Rodriguez, B. F. (1998) · doi:10.1023/a:1023213119721 · Cited by 21
“However, a review by Rude and Rehm (1991) on client factors that predicted outcome in the cognitive and behavioral treatment of depression concluded that clients may have better outcomes in treatments that focus on areas in which they are stronger, rather than weaker.”
BackgroundEmpirical Research on Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapies
Glass, C. R., Victor, B. J., & Arnkoff, D. B. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9782-4_2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Personality-guided behavior therapy.
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Does learned resourcefulness predict response to cognitive therapy in depressed outpatients?
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Does learned resourcefulness predict the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for depression?
Burns, D. D., Rude, S., Simons, A., Bates, M., & Thase, M. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02357780 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Rude and Rehm (1991) have described two opposing hypotheses about how pretreatment coping skills may predict patients' response to CBT.”
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Translating basic psychopathology research to preventive interventions: A tribute to John Abela
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“Once we have identified an individual's risk profile and we have interventions that address these vulnerabilities, the next big question is whether the intervention should target individuals' weaknesses by providing them with compensatory strategies, or should a capitalization approach that directly builds on their ex…”
BackgroundMeasuring How We Preach What We Practice: Psychoeducational Change in Depressed Inpatients
Friedberg, R., Viglione, D., Fidaleo, R. A., Celeste, B. L., Lovette, J., Street, G. P., Yerka, E., Bieraugel, M., Dumas, M., & Beal, K. (1998) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1024998323708 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Looking at the Components of Treatment for Depression
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Self-citationBehavioral treatment of unipolar depression.
Lewinsohn, P., Gotlib, I., & Hautzinger, M. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043433-9/50017-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Prediction of Responses to Cognitive and Behavioral Mood Inductions
McHugh, K., & Wierzbicki, M. (1998) · doi:10.1080/00223989809599262 · Cited by 8
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“Rude and Rehm (1991) suggested a compensation model for client skills when therapeutic gains are made through the mitigation of client’s pre-existing skill deficits and a targeted compensation approach has been effective with clients (e.g., Miller et al., 2005; Wingate et al., 2005).”
BackgroundFIND: A Feedback Initiated Narrative Development Protocol to Elicit Resources in Psychotherapy
Gonçalves, M. M., Fernández-Navarro, P., Magalhães, C., Braga, C., Milhazes, A., Batista, J., & Neimeyer, R. (2020) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2020.1717139 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In a classical study, Rude and Rehm (1991) reviewed research that identified behavioral and cognitive deficits as predictors of therapeutic JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 143”
BackgroundBehavioural Analysis: Does It Matter?
Schulte, D. (1997) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800018531 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Godara, M., & Singer, T. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14050493 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Although we tried to control this aspect of the self-selection bias through our use of a randomized controlled study design and the inclusion of demographic variables as covariates in our statistical analyses, self-selection bias cannot be ruled out.”
BackgroundMethodThe Use of Cognitive and Experiential Techniques to Treat Depression
Rude, S., & Bates, D. E. (2005) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650103259749 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…therapy (CBT), which has variably been found to be as effective or potentially more effective than other forms of psychotherapy in the short-term treatment of depression (Dobson, 1989; Gloaguen, Cottraux, Cucherat, & Blackburn, 1998; Rude, 1986; Rude & Rehm, 1991; Seligman, 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrimpop, L. F., Bielinski, L. L., Berger, T., & Willutzki, U. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/41413 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“According to the current sparse research, there is no agreement on which of these 2 strategies should be pursued in psychotherapy [14,17,19-22].”
Kishon, R., Abraham, K. S., Alschuler, D. M., Keilp, J. G., Stewart, J. W., McGrath, P. J., & Bruder, G. E. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Although studies have raised the possibility of developing inexpensive behavioral tests for predicting response to CBT, the findings of early studies using self-report measures of beliefs or attitudes were conflicting (Rude and Rehm, 1991; Sotsky et al., 1991).”
ResultThe Relation of Baseline Skills to Psychotherapy Outcome Across Diverse Psychotherapies
Gibbons, M. B. C., Thompson, S. M., Mack, R. A., Lee, J. K., & Crits-Christoph, P. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22165 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Discussion Consistent with the empirical literature (Rude & Rehm, 1991), our results support the capitalization model for cognitive therapy in that cognitive treatments were most effective in decreasing depressive symptoms when capitalizing on the relative strengths of patients who began treatment…”
BackgroundResultPsychologische Interventionen bei Depressionen im Jugendalter
Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., & Hautzinger, M. (1999) · Verhaltenstherapie (Basel) · doi:10.1159/000030691 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bruder, G. E., Haggerty, A. E., & Siegle, G. J. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Self-report measures of cognitive beliefs or attitudes (Rude & Rehm, 1991; Sotsky et al. 1991), or tests estimating intelligence (Haaga et al. 1991; Fournier et al. 2009) have been examined as potential predictors, but conflicting findings have been reported, and performance on neuropsychological…”
A Scoping Review of Potential Biological Mechanisms and Predictors of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Papke, V., Hodges, H. R., Reigstad, K. M., Gunlicks‐Stoessel, M., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2023) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines4040054 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In contrast, the capitalization model proposes that an intervention will be most effective if it builds on the individual’s strengths [27].”
BackgroundDevelopment and Implementation of a Psychological Service for Patients With Cancer
Yusufov, M., Grebstein, L. C., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Ferszt, G. G., & Prochaska, J. O. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.05.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhancing Client Motivation to Change
Wilbourne, P. L., & Levensky, E. R. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088416-2/50002-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“If Rude and Rehm (1991) are correct, for the treatment of depression it requires a careful assessment of the individual’s strengths.”
BackgroundCappeliez, P., Latour, D., & Guirguis, M. (1997) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800014161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of initial severity of dysfunctional thinking on the outcome of cognitive therapy
Scogin, F., Bowman, D. O., Jamison, C. S., Beutler, L., & Machado, P. (1994) · doi:10.1002/cpp.5640010306 · Cited by 1
Trimpop, L. F., Bielinski, L. L., Schürmann‐Vengels, J., Appelbaum, S., Berger, T. M., & Willutzki, U. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/83917 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Research on compensation and capitalization interventions, especially including control groups (CGs), is difficult and sparse [20,23, 28-31].”
Rehm, L., & Averill, P. M. (2004) · doi:10.1081/clt-120030938
Self-citationBlackburn, I.-M. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00187-5
- Authors
- Rude, S. S., & Rehm, L. P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rude, Stephanie S.
- ORCID
- Rude, Stephanie S.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 493-514
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2018203628
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- depression, treatment response, predictors of treatment outcome, cognitive impairment, behavioral deficits, cognitive remediation, behavior therapy, functional status, prognosis, treatment outcome studies
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