The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This task, designed by Zelazo and colleagues (e.g., Frye, Zelazo, & Palfai, 1995; Zelazo, 2006), is based on Luria’s seminal work on rule use and has been used extensively to study the development of EF in childhood.”
From NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Validation of Executive Function Measures in Adults (2014) · cites this paper as Frye, Zelazo, & Palfai, 1995
Citations
Cites
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Leslie, A. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.412 · Cited by 3,379
Understanding the Representational Mind
Perner, J. (1993) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/6988.001.0001 · Cited by 2,424
Donaldson, M. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,857
Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x · Cited by 1,766
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5332 · Cited by 1,760
Three-year-olds’ difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit
Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., & Wimmer, H. (1987) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1987.tb01048.x · Cited by 1,550
Alison Gopnik, C., & Astington, J. W. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03192.x · Cited by 1,526
Intellectual development : birth to adulthood
Case, R. (1985) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 1,345
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Zelazo P.D., Burack J.A., Benedetto E. & Frye D. (in press). Theory of mind and rule use in people with Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 927
Training 3‐year‐olds in rule‐based causal reasoning
Brooks, P. J., Hanauer, J. B., & Frye, D. A. (2001) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151001166263 · Cited by 6
Self-citationEffect of language background on metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind
Pearson, D. K. (2013) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 6
What Meaning does Raising a Child with Autism have for Parents? A Qualitative Exploration
Jardine, K. M. (2008) · ERA · Cited by 6
Context, cortisol, and executive functions among children experiencing homelessness.
Cutuli, J. J. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 6
The real problem with constructivism
Bloom, P., & Wynn, K. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036633 · Cited by 6
Parenting Style and Children's Self‐Care Ability: The Moderating Role of Executive Function
Yan, Z., Lin, W., Ren, J., Zhou, P., & Qin, Y. (2024) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70003 · Cited by 5
Su, R., Chen, M., Qi, W., Wang, G., Jiang, F., & Sun, X. (2023) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2023.2216923 · Cited by 6
Early perspective taking predicts later cognitive flexibility: A longitudinal study
Kloo, D., Kaltefleiter, L. J., & Sodian, B. (2024) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2537 · Cited by 5
Beyond literal depiction: Children’s flexible understanding of pictures
Vivaldi, R. A., & Allen, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105208 · Cited by 5
Yousafzai, A. K., Sudfeld, C. R., Franchett, E. E., Siyal, S., Rehmani, K., Bhamani, S., Dai, Q., Reyes, C. R., Fink, G., & Ponguta, L. A. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05518-9 · Cited by 8
Reindl, E., Völter, C. J., Campbell-May, J., Call, J., & Seed, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105428 · Cited by 6
Early childhood education and development in poor villages of Indonesia
Hasan, A., Hyson, M., & Chang, M. C. (2013) · Cited by 5
Attention as a cueing function during kindergarten children's dimensional change task performance
Coldren, J. T., & Colombo, J. A. (2009) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.632 · Cited by 5
Dick, A. S. (2012) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.573516 · Cited by 5
How should we question young children's understanding of aspectuality?
Waters, G. M., & Beck, S. R. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02044.x · Cited by 5
Danovitch, J. H., & Noles, N. S. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 5
Białecka‐Pikul, M., Kosno, M., & Byczewska-Konieczny, K. (2016) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2016-0010 · Cited by 6
The Development of Rule Use in Childhood
Zelazo, P. D. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314274.003.0023 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPomiar kontroli hamowania testem sortowania kart dla dzieci
Jabłoński, S., Kaczmarek, I., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., & Brzezińska, A. I. (2012) · Jagiellonian Digital Library (Jagiellonian University) · Cited by 5
Investigating social vulnerability in children using computer mediated role-play
Fallon, T. L., Aylett, R. S., Minnis, H., & Rajendran, G. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.027 · Cited by 11
E-praxis: A web-based forest law decision support system for land characterization in Greece
Athanasiadis, A., & Andreopoulou, Z. S. (2019) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.03.002 · Cited by 5
Putko, A., & Złotogórska, A. (2014) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/ppb-2014-0060 · Cited by 5
Humour Comprehension and Use of Mental State Language in Williams Syndrome and Down Syndrome
Porter, M. A. (2017) · Global Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.19080/gjidd.2017.02.555594 · Cited by 6
Linguistic cues facilitate children’s understanding of belief-reporting sentences
Zhang, X., & Zhou, P. (2021) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237211048669 · Cited by 5
Where redescriptions come from
Olson, D. R. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036827 · Cited by 5
The Role of Creativity in the Cognitive Turn in Linguistics
Kenesei, I. (2013) · International Review of Pragmatics · doi:10.1163/18773109-13050207 · Cited by 5
Fouquet, N. C., & Mégalakaki, O. (2013) · Enfance · doi:10.4074/s0013754513002024 · Cited by 5
Chasiotis, A., & Kießling, F. (2004) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637.36.2.105 · Cited by 5
The Relation between Executive Functioning and Social Cognition
Benson, J. E., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2013) · Cited by 5
Neuropsychological Aspects of Pervasive Developmental and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bade-White, P. A., Obrzut, J. E., & Randall, P. P. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78867-8_31 · Cited by 5
Executive Function in Simultaneous and Sequential Bilingual Children
Kapa, L. L. (2010) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 5
Social Cognition and its Main Correlates in Childhood
Bulgarelli, D., Henning, A., & Bertin, E. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119679028.ch33 · Cited by 5
Adopting the Theory of Distributed Cognition for Human-AI Cooperation
Sidji, M., Smith, W., & Rogerson, M. J. (2024) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3726986.3727024 · Cited by 4
Lapierre, M. A. (2013) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 4
Stuck in the moment: cognitive inflexibility in preschoolers following an extended time period
Garcia, C. M., & Dick, A. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00959 · Cited by 4
The effect of background music and noise on alertness of children aged 5–7 years: An EEG study
Yuan, J., Wang, X., Zhu, J., & Tian, M. (2023) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101295 · Cited by 4
An Introduction to Theory of Mind: Fundamental Concepts and Issues
Rivero-Contreras, M., Saldaña, D., & Micai, M. (2023) · Logic, argumentation & reasoning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46742-4_2 · Cited by 4
A Method for Cultural Relics Named Entity Recognition Based on Enhanced Lexical Features
Li, Y., Yan, H., Yang, Y., & Wang, X. (2024) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650517 · Cited by 4
Lipscomb, S. T., Merculief, A., & Phelps, B. (2024) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2024.11.004 · Cited by 5
Russo, N. N., Dawkins, T., Huizinga, M., & Burack, J. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195305012.013.0009 · Cited by 5
Nguyen, D., Kemp, N., & Want, S. C. (2011) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00014.x · Cited by 4
Health Problems in Down Syndrome
Dey, S. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/59349 · Cited by 4
The Role of Reflection in Promoting Adolescent Self-Regulation
Zelazo, P. D., & Doebel, S. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565790.011 · Cited by 5
Self-citationGreenfader, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2022.2043863 · Cited by 7
The shifting shelf task: a new, non-verbal measure for attentional set shifting
Reindl, E., Völter, C. J., Civelek, Z., Duncan, L., Lugosi, Z., Felsche, E., Herrmann, E. M., Call, J., & Seed, A. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.1496 · Cited by 4
Goldman, A. I., & Mason, K. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044451540-7/50026-8 · Cited by 4
Rule-based category use in preschool children
Mathy, F., Friedman, O., Courenq, B., Laurent, L., & Millot, J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.10.008 · Cited by 4
From the decline of development to the ascent of consciousness
Zelazo, P. D. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003689x · Cited by 4
Self-citationRedescription of intentionality
Freeman, N. H. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036736 · Cited by 4
Hlutkowsky, C. O., All, K., Roule, A. L., Warner, T. A., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251365393 · Cited by 4
Johns, E., Forbes, S. H., Reyes, L. M. D., Buck, C., & Spencer, J. P. (2026) · Child Development · doi:10.1093/chidev/aacag002 · Cited by 3
The longitudinal relations between mental state talk and theory of mind
Sehlstedt, I., Hansson, I., & Hjelmquist, E. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01692-y · Cited by 6
La comprensión temprana de la adquisición del conocimiento: viejas propuestas, nuevos horizontes
Carmiol, A. M. (2012) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 3
Santolini, A., Danis, A., Bourdais, C., Bruneau, L., & Tijus, C. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503313014036 · Cited by 3
Gadzichowski, K. M., Pasnak, R., & Kidd, J. K. (2013) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2013.802648 · Cited by 3
Die normale psychische Entwicklung und ihre Varianten
Sodian, B., & Ziegenhain, U. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19846-5_2 · Cited by 3
Do Chinese- and English-speaking preschoolers think differently about language?
Guan, Y., & Farrar, M. J. (2016) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723716673956 · Cited by 3
Theory of mind and executive functions in children with mild intellectual disability
Cvijetić, M. (2017) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh16-13593 · Cited by 3
Clerc, J. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.132.0287 · Cited by 3
Development of Executive Function Skills in Childhood
Happaney, K. R., & Zelazo, P. D. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108399838.023 · Cited by 11
Self-citationSantolini, A., Danis, A., Bourdais, C., Bruneau, L., & Tijus, C. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.134.0547 · Cited by 3
Yan, S., Li, M., Yan, Z., Hu, B., Li, Z., & Lv, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077634 · Cited by 3
From Infants to Great Apes: False Belief Attribution and Primitivism About Truth
Ulatowski, J. W., & Wyatt, J. (2023) · Logic, argumentation & reasoning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28908-8_13 · Cited by 3
Age Three: Milestone in the Development of Cognitive Flexibility
Wan, C., Cai, H., & Li, F. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14070578 · Cited by 4
Dental Care and Treatment of Children with Emotional Disorders – An Overview
Nirmala, S. (2016) · Autism - Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-7890.1000167 · Cited by 3
Vithlani, P. P. (2010) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 3
A pilot study on a knowledge-based case library to support suicide risk assessment
Cheung, C. F., Wang, W. M., & Leung, Z. C. S. (2011) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872811414037 · Cited by 3
Weiland, C., Eidelman, H., & Yoshikawa, H. (2011) · Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness · Cited by 3
Molzhon, A. (2016) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/hrq1-w391 · Cited by 3
Arslan, B., Verbrugge, R., & Taatgen, N. (2017) · Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures · doi:10.1016/j.bica.2017.03.001 · Cited by 3
Zhang, D. (2020) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2020.1763886 · Cited by 5
Cho, D. Y., & Sung, J. (2020) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2020.41.4.61 · Cited by 3
The connection between theory of mind and executive functions in the senior preschool age
Almazova, O. V., Bukhalenkova, D., Veraksa, A. N., & Анатольевна, Я. В. (2018) · Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Psychology · doi:10.21638/11701/spbu16.2018.306 · Cited by 3
Executive Function Development and Early Mathematics: Examination of Dual Language Learners.
Harvey, H. A. (2011) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 3
Hutchison, L. A. (2012) · doi:10.13021/mars/6414 · Cited by 3
Situating representational redescriptionin infants' pragmatic knowledge
Rutkowska, J. C. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036840 · Cited by 3
Campbell, R. L. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036669 · Cited by 3
Podjarny, G. (2015) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2015-11015 · Cited by 3
Editorial: Theory of mind in relation to other cognitive abilities
Dowker, A., Frye, D. A., & Tsuji, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1123321 · Cited by 4
Self-citationStucke, N. J., & Doebel, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s59ev · Cited by 3
Cognitive Flexibility Or Flexibilities? Insights From A Classroom Study.Preprint
Baudier, L., Clément, É., Sander, E., & Gros, H. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e5yps · Cited by 4
Theory of Mind Dynamics in Children's Play: A Qualitative Inquiry in a Preschool Classroom
Park, S. (2001) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 3
Ringenbach, S. D. R., Holzapfel, S. D., Mulvey, G. M., & Pandya, S. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/60636 · Cited by 2
Wyatt, T. M., Denham, S. A., & Bassett, H. H. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102701 · Cited by 4
3-5 Year Olds’ Executive Function Performances and Its Relationship with Language Abilities
Ahçı, Z. G. (2016) · Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education · doi:10.30703/cije.321400 · Cited by 4
High‐Level Simulational Mindreading
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0007 · Cited by 2
Flexibilité catégorielle chez des enfants scolarisés en ULIS : les effets d’un étayage métacognitif
Maintenant, C., Nanty, I., & Pivry, S. (2020) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2020.09.004 · Cited by 2
YAŞAR, Z. E., & Kelle, S. (2020) · Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967202043267 · Cited by 2
Walker, S., Brownlee, J. L., Scholes, L., & Harris, C. (2022) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/18369391221089381 · Cited by 2
Scott, K. E., King, R. A., Cochrane, A., Kalish, C. W., & Shutts, K. (2023) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2023.2216291 · Cited by 1
A two-layer BiLSTM model with linear gating for Chinese named entity recognition
Cui, H., Zhang, L., Wu, W., & Peng, Y. (2023) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191631 · Cited by 2
Benton, D. T., Kamper, D., Beaton, R., & Sobel, D. M. (2023) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13464 · Cited by 2
A Neo-Piagetian Approach to Social Cognition Development
Swentosky, A. J. (2008) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
Relational Knowledge in Higher Cognitive Processes.
Halford, G. S. (1996) · Cited by 2
Simulation to Build Empathy in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Video Modeling Study
Kajganich, G. (2013) · doi:10.20381/ruor-3055 · Cited by 2
Young children's difficulty on the Children's Gambling Task: Complexity or Variability of Losses?
Andrews, G., Bunch, K. M., & Tolliday, E. L. (2007) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 2
Relationship between Preschoolers' Executive Function and Verbal Ability
Kim, J. M., & Kim, J. H. (2013) · The Korean Journal of Community Living Science · doi:10.7856/kjcls.2013.24.3.289 · Cited by 3
La «school readiness» e la sua misura: uno strumento di rilevazione per la scuola dell’infanzia
Coggi, C., & Ricchiardi, P. (2014) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2014-009-cogg · Cited by 2
Can chimpanzees discriminate appearance from reality
Krachun, C., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009) · Cited by 2
Collins, J. S., & Robinson, E. J. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.09.004 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Palfai, T.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frye, Douglas
- Venue
- Cognitive Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 483-527
- ISSN
- 0885-2014 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009149367
- Cited by
- 923
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 16.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Keywords
- theory of mind, rule-based reasoning, card sorting, physical causality, false belief, representational change, preschool children
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review