The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This task, designed by Zelazo and colleagues (e.g., Frye, Zelazo, & Palfai, 1995; Zelazo, 2006), is based on Luria’s seminal work on rule use and has been used extensively to study the development of EF in childhood.”
From NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Validation of Executive Function Measures in Adults (2014) · cites this paper as Frye, Zelazo, & Palfai, 1995
Citations
Cites
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Leslie, A. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.412 · Cited by 3,379
Understanding the Representational Mind
Perner, J. (1993) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/6988.001.0001 · Cited by 2,424
Donaldson, M. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,857
Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x · Cited by 1,766
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5332 · Cited by 1,760
Three-year-olds’ difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit
Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., & Wimmer, H. (1987) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1987.tb01048.x · Cited by 1,550
Alison Gopnik, C., & Astington, J. W. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03192.x · Cited by 1,526
Intellectual development : birth to adulthood
Case, R. (1985) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 1,345
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Zelazo P.D., Burack J.A., Benedetto E. & Frye D. (in press). Theory of mind and rule use in people with Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 927
The role of inhibitory control in false belief understanding
Flynn, E. (2007) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.500 · Cited by 86
Morra, S., Panesi, S., Traverso, L., & Usai, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.11.004 · Cited by 95
Early executive function: The influence of culture and bilingualism
Tran, C. D., Arredondo, M. M., & Yoshida, H. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000160 · Cited by 96
Pierucci, J. M., O'Brien, C. T., McInnis, M. A., Gilpin, A. T., & Barber, A. B. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025413508512 · Cited by 87
The missing explanation of the false‐belief advantage in bilingual children: a longitudinal study
Díaz, V., & Farrar, M. J. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12594 · Cited by 84
Cross-classification and category representation in children's concepts.
Nguyen, S. P. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.719 · Cited by 83
Henning, A., Spinath, F. M., & Aschersleben, G. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.006 · Cited by 84
The neural basis of social tactics: An fMRI study
Fukui, H., Murai, T., Shinozaki, J., Aso, T., Fukuyama, H., Hayashi, T., & Hanakawa, T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.039 · Cited by 83
Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2002.2667 · Cited by 82
Self-citationThe role of selective attention in preschoolers’ rule use in a novel dimensional card sort
Brooks, P. J., Hanauer, J. B., Padowska, B., & Rosman, H. (2003) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(03)00020-0 · Cited by 82
Hindsight Bias and Developing Theories of Mind
Bernstein, D. M., Atance, C. M., Meltzoff, A. N., & Loftus, G. R. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01071.x · Cited by 82
Shokrkon, A., & Nicoladis, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848696 · Cited by 114
Durrleman, S., & Franck, J. (2015) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.12.001 · Cited by 91
Children's Understanding of Pictorial and Mental Representations
Slaughter, V. P. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06191.x · Cited by 80
False Belief and Emotion Understanding in Post‐institutionalized Children
Tarullo, A. R., Bruce, J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00372.x · Cited by 84
Inference and action in early causal reasoning.
Frye, D. A., Zelazo, P. D., Brooks, P. J., & Samuels, M. C. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.120 · Cited by 80
Self-citationWeiland, C., Wolfe, C. B., Hurwitz, M. D., Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. H., & Yoshikawa, H. (2012) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2011.654190 · Cited by 80
Lipina, S. J., & Colombo, J. A. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11879-000 · Cited by 84
Suddendorf, T. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632593.003.0012 · Cited by 78
Dick, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.021 · Cited by 77
Mahy, C. E. V., Moses, L. J., & Kliegel, M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.006 · Cited by 77
Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task
Kloo, D., Perner, J., Aichhorn, M., & Schmidhuber, N. (2010) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.06.001 · Cited by 76
Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.07.001 · Cited by 80
When Labels Hurt but Novelty Helps: Children's Perseveration and Flexibility in a Card-Sorting Task
Yerys, B. E., & Munakata, Y. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00961.x · Cited by 81
Sources of Inflexibility in 6-Year-Olds' Understanding of Emotion in Speech
Morton, J. B., Trehub, S. E., & Zelazo, P. D. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00642.x · Cited by 77
Self-citationChildren's Understanding of Preexisting Differences in Knowledge and Belief
Miller, S. A. (2000) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0501 · Cited by 76
Children's Norm Enforcement in Their Interactions With Peers
Köymen, B., Lieven, E., Engemann, D. A., Hannes Rakoczy, B., Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12178 · Cited by 76
If you know something, say something: young children's problem with false beliefs
Hansen, M. B. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00023 · Cited by 75
Morsanyi, K., & Handley, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.003 · Cited by 75
ASTRAL: Adversarial Trained LSTM-CNN for Named Entity Recognition
Wang, J., Xu, W., Fu, X., Xu, G., & Wu, Y. (2020) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105842 · Cited by 73
Mehl, S., Rief, W., Mink, K., Lüllmann, E., & Lincoln, T. M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.004 · Cited by 83
Clarifying the Relation between Executive Function and Children's Theories of Mind
Moses, L. J., & Tahiroğlu, D. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327694.003.0009 · Cited by 73
The facilitative effect of positive stimuli on 3-year-olds’ flexible rule use
Qu, L., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.010 · Cited by 72
Self-citationFizke, E., Barthel, D., Peters, T., & Hannes Rakoczy, B. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.017 · Cited by 71
Working memory and children's developing understanding of mind
Keenan, T., Olson, D. R., & Marini, Z. A. (1998) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049539808257537 · Cited by 72
Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P. (2014) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1002/mono.12096 · Cited by 81
(2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327694.001.0001 · Cited by 75
Children’s Theory of Mind: Understanding of Desire, Belief and Emotion with Social Referents
Nguyen, L., & Frye, D. A. (1999) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00081 · Cited by 69
Self-citationDopaminergic functioning and preschoolers’ theory of mind
Lackner, C. L., Bowman, L. C., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.027 · Cited by 72
Emotion understanding in preschool children
Martins, E. C., Osório, A., Veríssimo, M., & Martins, C. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414556096 · Cited by 83
Associations among false belief understanding, counterfactual reasoning, and executive function
Guajardo, N. R., Parker, J., & Turley-Ames, K. J. (2008) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x357886 · Cited by 70
Rule-Based Reasoning for Understanding Opportunity Evaluation
Williams, D. W., & Wood, M. S. (2015) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2013.0017 · Cited by 73
Naeem, K., Filippi, R., Periche-Tomas, E., Papageorgiou, A., & Bright, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01818 · Cited by 80
Effects of multimedia on cognitive load, self‐efficacy, and multiple rule‐based problem solving
Zheng, R. Z., McAlack, M., Wilmes, B., Kohler‐Evans, P., & Williamson, J. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00859.x · Cited by 71
Gathercole, V. C. M., THOMAS, E. M., Jones, L., Viñas‐Guasch, N., Young, N. E., & Hughes, E. K. (2010) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2010.488289 · Cited by 75
Three Types of Source Monitoring by Children With and Without Autism: The Role of Executive Function
Hala, S., Rasmussen, C., & Henderson, A. M. E. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1036-4 · Cited by 66
The Effects of Feedback on Perseverative Errors in Preschool Aged Children
Bohlmann, N. L., & Fenson, L. (2005) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0601_7 · Cited by 66
Human reasoning and cognitive science
Søgaard, A. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4144 · Cited by 68
Proust, J. (2010) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00340.x · Cited by 73
The development of tool manufacture in humans: what helps young children make innovative tools?
Chappell, J., Cutting, N., Apperly, I. A., & Beck, S. R. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0409 · Cited by 65
Effects of age, reminders, and task difficulty on young children’s rule-switching flexibility
Deák, G. O., Ray, S. D., & Pick, A. D. (2004) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.05.002 · Cited by 64
Alarcón, D., Sánchez-Medina, J. A., & Prieto-García, J.-R. (2013) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.11.002 · Cited by 66
Blaye, A., Bernard-Peyron, V., Paour, J.-L., & Bonthoux, F. (2006) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620500412267 · Cited by 62
Frontal lobe dysfunction and everyday problem-solving: Social and non-social contributions
Channon, S. (2004) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.008 · Cited by 64
Yang, J., Zhou, S., Yao, S., Su, L., & McWhinnie, C. (2009) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-008-0119-4 · Cited by 62
The concept of self-regulation and preschoolers’ social-emotional development: a systematic review
Rademacher, A., & Koglin, U. (2018) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2018.1450251 · Cited by 82
Social Cognition in Tourette?s Syndrome: Intact Theory of Mind and Impaired Inhibitory Functioning
Channon, S., Sinclair, E., Waller, D., Healey, L., & Robertson, M. M. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-5287-x · Cited by 65
Stucke, N. J., & Doebel, S. (2024) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000445 · Cited by 69
Bowler, D., Briskman, J., Gurvidi, N., & Fornells‐Ambrojo, M. (2005) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0602_5 · Cited by 61
Processing demands in belief‐desire reasoning: inhibition or general difficulty?
Friedman, O., & Leslie, A. M. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00410.x · Cited by 60
Changes in executive function over time in bilingual and monolingual school-aged children.
Park, J., Weismer, S. E., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000562 · Cited by 60
Factors responsible for performance on the day–night task: response set or semantics?
Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00424.x · Cited by 60
Executive Functions and Development: Why the Interest?
Hughes, C. H. (2002) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.296 · Cited by 59
An association account of false belief understanding
de Bruin, L. C., & Newen, A. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.016 · Cited by 66
Development of Executive Function across the Life Span
Jacques, S., & Marcovitch, S. (2010) · The Handbook of Life‐Span Development · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001013 · Cited by 59
Ionescu, T. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000110 · Cited by 67
Blanco, N. J., & Sloutsky, V. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000777 · Cited by 35
Learning the rules: Observation and imitation of a sorting strategy by 36-month-old children.
Williamson, R. A., Jaswal, V. K., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017473 · Cited by 58
Age-related changes in children's use of external representations.
Zelazo, P. D., Sommerville, J. A., & Nichols, S. L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1059 · Cited by 57
Self-citationWait For It! A Twin Study of Inhibitory Control in Early Childhood
Gagne, J. R., & Saudino, K. J. (2009) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-009-9316-6 · Cited by 57
Yang, X., Chung, K. K. H., & McBride, C. A. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1546831 · Cited by 60
Rajendran, G., Mitchell, P., & Rickards, H. E. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-5033-z · Cited by 61
LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE SHIFTING: EVIDENCE FROM YOUNG MONOLINGUAL AND BILINGUAL CHILDREN1,2
Okanda, M., Moriguchi, Y., & Itakura, S. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/03.10.28.pr0.107.4.68-78 · Cited by 56
Training Theory of Mind and Executive Control: A Tool for Improving School Achievement?
Kloo, D., & Perner, J. (2008) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2008.00042.x · Cited by 56
Chan, J. Y., & von Baeyer, C. L. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000476 · Cited by 56
Duncan, R. J., McClelland, M. M., & Acock, A. C. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.01.004 · Cited by 68
Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Kerr, D. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575877.008 · Cited by 56
Early Childhood Education and Development in Poor Villages of Indonesia
Hyson, M., Hasan, A., & Chang, M. C. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9836-4 · Cited by 57
Cortisol function among early school-aged homeless children
Cutuli, J. J., Wiik, K. L., Herbers, J. E., Gunnar, M. R., & Masten, A. S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.008 · Cited by 58
Is thinking about the future related to theory of mind and executive function? Not in preschoolers
Hanson, L. K., Atance, C. M., & Paluck, S. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.006 · Cited by 56
New Insights into the Inter-Individual Variability in Perspective Taking
Bukowski, H., & Samson, D. (2017) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision1010008 · Cited by 54
The Executive Functions of Language in Preschool Children
Müller, U., Jacques, S., Brocki, K., & Zelazo, P. D. (2009) · Private Speech, Executive Functioning, and the Development of Verbal Self-Regulation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511581533.005 · Cited by 94
Self-citationChildren's Difficulties Handling Dual Identity
Apperly, I. A., & Robinson, E. J. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2571 · Cited by 53
Inhibitory control in preschool predicts early math skills in first grade
Ng, F. F., Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Yoshikawa, H., & Sze, I. N. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414538558 · Cited by 59
The effect of labeling on preschool children's performance in the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task
Müller, U., Zelazo, P. D., Lurye, L. E., & Liebermann, D. P. (2008) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.06.001 · Cited by 53
Self-citationOn the nature of communication and language impairment in autism
Mundy, P. C., & Markus, J. (1997) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1997)3:4 · Cited by 52
Tribushinina, E. (2012) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-012-9217-3 · Cited by 52
Montroy, J. J., Merz, E. C., Williams, J. M., Landry, S. H., Johnson, U., Zucker, T. A., Assel, M., Taylor, H. B., Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., et al. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.06.011 · Cited by 54
Maturation of executive functioning skills in early sequential bilingualism
Kalashnikova, M., & Mattock, K. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2012.746284 · Cited by 57
Identification and validation of school readiness profiles among high-risk kindergartners
Abenavoli, R. M., Greenberg, M. T., & Bierman, K. L. (2016) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.09.001 · Cited by 55
McClelland, M. M., Gonzales, C. R., Cameron, C. E., Geldhof, G. J., Bowles, R. P., Nancarrow, A. F., Merculief, A., & Tracy, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721846 · Cited by 61
Dopamine receptor D4 gene variation predicts preschoolers’ developing theory of mind
Lackner, C. L., Sabbagh, M. A., Hallinan, E. V., Liu, X., & Holden, J. J. A. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01124.x · Cited by 49
Apperly, I. A., & Carroll, D. J. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00856.x · Cited by 49
Rakhlin, N., Kornilov, S. A., Reich, J., Babyonyshev, M., Koposov, R. A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2011) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.03.001 · Cited by 47
Korucu, I., Litkowski, E. C., & Schmitt, S. A. (2020) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2020.1716287 · Cited by 58
Matching and naming objects by shape or function: Age and context effects in preschool children.
Deák, G. O., Ray, S. D., & Pick, A. D. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.4.503 · Cited by 49
Yeh, Z. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.758235 · Cited by 52
Chevalier, N., Blaye, A., Dufau, S., & Lucenet, J. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019674 · Cited by 48
Memory Span as a Predictor of False Belief Understanding
Keenan, T. (1998) · New Zealand journal of psychology · Cited by 48
Schmitt, S. A., Korucu, I., Purpura, D. J., Whiteman, S., Zhang, C., & Yang, F. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025418785469 · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Palfai, T.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frye, Douglas
- Venue
- Cognitive Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 483-527
- ISSN
- 0885-2014 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009149367
- Cited by
- 923
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 16.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Keywords
- theory of mind, rule-based reasoning, card sorting, physical causality, false belief, representational change, preschool children
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review