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Involvement of cytokines in slow wave sleep
Open accessAbstract
Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) play a role in sleep regulation in health and disease. TNFα or IL1β injection enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep. Inhibition of TNFα or IL1β reduces spontaneous sleep. Mice lacking TNFα or IL1β receptors sleep less. In normal humans and in multiple disease states, plasma levels of TNFα covary with EEG slow wave activity (SWA) and sleep propensity. Many of the symptoms induced by sleep loss, for example, sleepiness, fatigue, poor cognition, enhanced sensitivity to pain, are elicited by injection of exogenous TNFα or IL1β. IL1β or TNFα applied unilaterally to the surface of the cortex induces state-dependent enhancement of EEG SWA ipsilaterally, suggesting greater regional sleep intensity. Interventions such as unilateral somatosensory stimulation enhance localized sleep EEG SWA, blood flow, and somatosensory cortical expression of IL1β and TNFα. State oscillations occur within cortical columns. One such state shares properties with whole animal sleep in that it is dependent on prior cellular activity, shows homeostasis, and is induced by TNFα. Extracellular ATP released during neuro- and gliotransmission enhances cytokine release via purine type 2 receptors. An ATP agonist enhances sleep, while ATP antagonists inhibit sleep. Mice lacking the P2X7 receptor have attenuated sleep rebound responses after sleep loss. TNFα and IL1β alter neuron sensitivity by changing neuromodulator/neurotransmitter receptor expression, allowing the neuron to scale its activity to the presynaptic neurons. TNFα's role in synaptic scaling is well characterized. Because the sensitivity of the postsynaptic neuron is changed, the same input will result in a different network output signal and this is a state change. The top-down paradigm of sleep regulation requires intentional action from sleep/wake regulatory brain circuits to initiate whole-organism sleep. This raises unresolved questions as to how such purposeful action might itself be initiated. In the new paradigm, sleep is initiated within networks and local sleep is a direct consequence of prior local cell activity. Whole-organism sleep is a bottom-up, self-organizing, and emergent property of the collective states of networks throughout the brain.
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“The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the hourglass are not characterized as well as the mechanisms of the clock are. As reviewed elsewhere in the present special issue and several times before, important roles have been assigned to adenosine [66], to an increase in synaptic density during wakefulness [79], and to cytokines [50].”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Krueger, J. M., Clinton, J. M., Winters, B. D., Zielinski, M. R., Taishi, P., Jewett, K. A., & Davis, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krueger, James M.
- Venue
- Progress in Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 193
- Pages
- 39-47
- ISSN
- 0079-6123 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3645329
- OpenAlex
- W3779999
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 21.11
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Progress in brain research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-31453, NS-25378, R01NS031453, R01NS025378)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-36520, R01HD036520)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- cytokines, slow-wave sleep, TNF-α, IL-1β, sleep regulation, EEG slow-wave activity, sleep deprivation, P2X7 receptor, extracellular ATP, synaptic scaling, somatosensory cortex, sleep homeostasis, sleep initiation, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Sleep, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Interleukin-1beta, Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1, Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
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