Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
The need to sleep grows with the duration of wakefulness and dissipates with time spent asleep, a process called sleep homeostasis. What are the consequences of staying awake on brain cells, and why is sleep needed? Surprisingly, we do not know whether the firing of cortical neurons is affected by how long an animal has been awake or asleep. Here, we found that after sustained wakefulness cortical neurons fire at higher frequencies in all behavioral states. During early NREM sleep after sustained wakefulness, periods of population activity (ON) are short, frequent, and associated with synchronous firing, while periods of neuronal silence are long and frequent. After sustained sleep, firing rates and synchrony decrease, while the duration of ON periods increases. Changes in firing patterns in NREM sleep correlate with changes in slow-wave activity, a marker of sleep homeostasis. Thus, the systematic increase of firing during wakefulness is counterbalanced by staying asleep.
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Slow waves in NREM sleep reflect a slow oscillation of cortical neurons between UP and DOWN states.
“We now know that slow waves in NREM sleep reflect a slow oscillation of cortical neurons between UP and DOWN states (Fig. 2)[77, 78].”
From Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology (2010) · cites this paper as [78]
Firing rates of cortical neurons were high after periods of sustained wakefulness and decreased during sleep, with the decrease correlating with SWA during sleep.
“Firing rates of cortical neurons were high after periods of sustained wakefulness and decreased during sleep, with the decrease correlating with SWA during sleep (1268).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1268]
The rate of action potential firing reportedly increases only modestly (<1.3-fold) in the retrosplenial cortex and primary visual cortex, while decreasing in motor and somatosensory cortices during REM sleep.
“However, the rate of action potential firing reportedly increases only modestly (<1.3-fold) in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and primary visual cortex (V1), while decreasing in motor and somatosensory cortices during REM sleep61–63.”
From Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
The Results section reports firing rates in rat barrel cortex and an increase from NREM to REM sleep, but does not give the claimed comparison across retrosplenial, visual, motor, and somatosensory cortices. Searches for those regions and for a <1.3-fold REM change found no passage establishing the stated regional increases and decreases; no page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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- Authors
- Vyazovskiy, V. V., Olcese, U., Lazimy, Y. M., Faraguna, U., Esser, S. K., Williams, J. C., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, Giulio
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 865-878
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2819325
- OpenAlex
- W2086238474
- Cited by
- 740
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 19.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p20mh077967-04, DP1OD000579)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20MH-077967)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep homeostasis, sustained wakefulness, NREM sleep, neuronal synchronization, slow-wave activity, neural population activity, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Computer Simulation, Electroencephalography, Fourier Analysis, Homeostasis, Male, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Rats, Inbred WKY, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Rats
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