Longitudinal associations between sexting, cyberbullying, and bullying among adolescents: Cross‐lagged panel analysis
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: While adolescent sexting, or the sending of sexually explicit images, has been cross‐sectionally associated with bullying and cyberbullying, there is a lack of longitudinal studies in this area. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the longitudinal link between sexting and 1) traditional, in‐person, bullying victimization and 2) cyberbullying victimization. Methods: We used data from a longitudinal study of ethnically diverse adolescents recruited from multiple public high schools in southeast Texas. Three waves of data were used (T2, T3 and T4). Cross‐lagged panel analysis was performed in Mplus to analyze the data. Results & Conclusions: Cross‐lagged panel analyses identified autoregressive effects for all three variables, and cross‐lagged effects for cyberbullying. Sexting was associated with subsequent cyberbullying victimization across all time points, and T3 cyberbullying victimization was associated with engagement in sexting one year later. Furthermore, T2 cyberbullying victimization indirectly associated with T4 sexting via T3 cyberbullying victimization. For traditional bullying, a cross‐lagged effect was found between T3 sexting and T4 offline bullying victimization. Although T2 sexting did not directly link to subsequent traditional bullying victimization, a significant mediation effect was identified such that T3 sexting mediated the effects of T2 sexting on T4 traditional bullying victimization. Results show that sexting adolescents may be at risk for (cyber)bullying victimization and highlight the need to address both sexting and bullying in prevention and intervention efforts.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Path B is characterized by pressure, threats, or manipulation by same-age partners to obtain sexual images or interactions, often embedded in dating dynamics and broader cyber-dating abuse.
“It is characterized by pressure, threats, or manipulation by same-age partners to obtain sexual images or interactions, often embedded in dating dynamics and broader cyber-dating abuse (2, 30, 31).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Yuan, K.-H., & Bentler, P. (2000) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1111/0081-1750.00078 · Cited by 1,847 · see citing works
Graham, J. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4018-5 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Little, T. D., Jorgensen, T. D., Lang, K. M., & Moore, E. W. G. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst048 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully–victims
Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Cyberbullying among youngsters: profiles of bullies and victims
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2009) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444809341263 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Prevalence of Multiple Forms of Sexting Behavior Among Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C. L., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J. R. (2018) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and Correlates of Sexting Behavior in Adolescents
Dake, J. A., Price, J. H., Maziarz, L. N., & Ward, B. L. (2012) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2012.650959 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Lippman, J. R., & Campbell, S. W. (2014) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.923009 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Sexting and the Definition Issue
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J.-C., & Akre, C. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Sexting: A new, digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression?
Drouin, M. A., Ross, J. M., & Tobin, E. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.001 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.012 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Online harassment in context: Trends from three Youth Internet Safety Surveys (2000, 2005, 2010).
Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., & David Finkelhor, B. (2012) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0030309 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Sexting: Young Women's and Men's Views on Its Nature and Origins
Walker, S., Sanci, L. A., & Temple-Smith, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.026 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Van Ouytsel, J., Van Gool, E., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Peeters, E. (2017) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2016.1241865 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal Association Between Teen Sexting and Sexual Behavior
Temple, J. R., & Choi, H. J. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1974 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationAbeele, M. V., Campbell, S. W., Eggermont, S., & Roe, K. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2013.801725 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Under pressure to sext? Applying the theory of planned behaviour to adolescent sexting
Walrave, M., Heirman, W., & Hallam, L. (2013) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2013.837099 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationVan Ouytsel, J., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516629390 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationGámez-Guadix, M., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Walrave, M., Ponnet, K. S., Ouytsel, J. V., Gool, E. V., Heirman, W., & Verbeek, A. (2015) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.03.008 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between sexting and sexual coercion among female adolescents
Choi, H. J., Ouytsel, J. V., & Temple, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.005 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationMorelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.047 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sexting coercion as a component of intimate partner polyvictimization
Ross, J. M., Drouin, M., & Coupe, A. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516660300 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert Perspectives
Shariff, S. (2013) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444812459453c · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Adolescent sexting from a social learning perspective
Ouytsel, J. V., Ponnet, K. S., Walrave, M., & d’Haenens, L. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationUnder pressure to sext? Applying the theory of planned behaviour to adolescent sexting
WalraveMichel, HeirmanWannes, & HallamLara (2014) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.5555/2576580.2576587 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sexting among peruvian adolescents
West, J. H., Lister, C., Hall, C. P., Crookston, B. T., Snow, P. R., Zvietcovich, M. E., & West, R. P. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-811 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sexting: Between Thrill and Fear—How Schools Can Respond
Ouytsel, J. V., Walrave, M., & Gool, E. V. (2014) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2014.918532 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationSexting Rates and Predictors From an Urban Midwest High School
Gregg, D. H., Somers, C. L., Pernice, F. M., Hillman, S. B., & Kernsmith, P. D. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12628 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Social and Psychological Factors of Rural Youth Sexting: An Examination of Gender-Specific Models
Woodward, V. H., Evans, M., & Brooks, M. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1197020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Agatston, P. W., Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203818312-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sexting—Prevalence, Age, Sex, and Outcomes
Englander, E., & McCoy, M. K. (2018) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5682 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pressured Sexting and Revenge Porn in a Sample of Massachusetts Adolescents
Englander, E., & McCoy, M. K. (2017) · International Journal of Technoethics · doi:10.4018/ijt.2017070102 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
How Schools Can Help Their Students to Strengthen Their Online Reputations
Ouytsel, J. V., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. S. (2014) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2014.909380 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRoyen, K. V., Poels, K., Vandebosch, H., & Walrave, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71882-8_6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationTemple, J. R. (2015) · JAACAP Connect · doi:10.62414/001c.92623 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationWachs, S., & Wolf, K. D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09809-4_5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Youth Internet Safety Education: Aligning Programs With the Evidence Base
David Finkelhor, B., Walsh, K., Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., & Collier, A. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020916257 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Gámez-Guadix, M., & Incera, D. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106728 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The outcomes of sexting for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature
Doyle, C., Douglas, E., & O’Reilly, G. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.009 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
An Exploratory Study of Sexting Behaviors Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Early Adolescents
Ouytsel, J. V., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. S. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.06.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationOuytsel, J. V., Walrave, M., Marez, L. D., Vanhaelewyn, B., & Ponnet, K. S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106630 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationIt is Time to Teach Safe Sexting
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Popular peer norms and adolescent sexting behavior
Maheux, A. J., Evans-Paulson, R., Widman, L. M., Nesi, J. L., Prinstein, M. J., & Choukas‐Bradley, S. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Longitudinal relationships between sexting and involvement in both bullying and cyberbullying
Ojeda, M., Rey, R. D., & Hunter, S. C. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.10.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Cattelino, E., Laghi, F., Sorokowski, P., Misiak, M., Dziekan, M., Hudson, H., et al. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106502 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationWidman, L., Javidi, H., Maheux, A. J., Evans, R., Nesi, J., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2021) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-021-09866-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mishna, F., Milne, B., Cook, C., Slane, A., & Ringrose, J. (2021) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x211058226 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sexting Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates in Spanish Secondary School Students
Molla‐Esparza, C., González, E. L., & Losilla, J.-M. (2020) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-020-00434-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-criticism and self-esteem in early adolescence: Do they predict depression?
Gittins, C. B., & Hunt, C. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244182 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Prevalence of sending, receiving and forwarding sexts among youths: A three-level meta-analysis
Molla‐Esparza, C., Losilla, J.-M., & González, E. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243653 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Longobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., Prino, L. E., & Settanni, M. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Science: Biopsychosocial Mechanisms of Change, Human Development, and Psychopathology - Perspectives from Psychology, Neuroscience, and Genetics · doi:10.3233/dev-200300 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sexting, pressured sexting and associations with dating violence among early adolescents
Ouytsel, J. V., Lu, Y., Shin, Y., Avalos, B. L., & Pettigrew, J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106969 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, L., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750751 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A first investigation into gender minority adolescents’ sexting experiences
Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., De Marez, L., Vanhaelewyn, B., & Ponnet, K. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.09.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of Online Child Sexual Abuse in a U.S. National Sample
Turner, H. A., David Finkelhor, B., & Colburn, D. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221149090 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
González‐Cabrera, J. M., Montiel, I., Ortega-Barón, J., Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09421-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Berndtsson, K. H. (2021) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.1177/10608265211042794 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chen, J., Wu, C., & Wang, L. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09439-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chen, J., Pan, Z., & Wang, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126270 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Virgara, J. L., & Whitten, T. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107613 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Investigating factors associated with bullying utilizing latent class analysis among adolescents
Liu, J., Guo, S., Weissman, R., & Liu, H. (2020) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034320967061 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ouytsel, J. V., Walrave, M., Ojeda, M., Rey, R. D., & Ponnet, K. S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218106 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial-Ecological Examination of Non-Consensual Sexting Perpetration among U.S. Adolescents
Valido, A., Espelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., Rivas‐Koehl, M., & Robinson, L. E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249477 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sexting behaviour among adolescents: Do friendship quality and social competence matter?
Foody, M., Kuldas, S., Sargioti, A., Mazzone, A., & Norman, J. O. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107651 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Using Instrumental Variables to Measure Causation over Time in Cross-Lagged Panel Models
Singh, M., Verhulst, B., Vinh, P., Zhou, Y., Castro-de-Araujo, L. F. S., Hottenga, J., Pool, R., de Geus, E. J. C., Vink, J. M., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2024) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2023.2283634 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Borgogna, N. C., Meyer, C. L., Trussell, M. R., Garos, S., & Kraus, S. W. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0312 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sexting among high school students in a metropolis in Ghana: an exploratory and descriptive study
Baiden, F., Amankwah, J., & Owusu, A. (2020) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2020.1719854 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and victimization: a review of foreign publications
Deyneka, O. S., Духанина, Л. Н., & MAKSIMENKO, A. A. (2020) · Perspectives of science and education · doi:10.32744/pse.2020.5.19 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Investigation of Observed Adolescent Text-Based Sexting and Adjustment
Kurup, A. R., George, M. J., Burnell, K., & Underwood, M. K. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00850-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gottschalk, F. (2022) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/f60b492b-en · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Thomas, M. F., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02292-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sending One's Own Intimate Image: Sexting Among Middle‐School Teens
Barrense‐Dias, Y., Chok, L., Stadelmann, S., Berchtold, A., & Surı́s, J.-C. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13137 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Clancy, E. M., & Klettke, B. (2023) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes4010013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Emerson, E., Aitken, Z., King, T. L., Arciuli, J., Llewellyn, G. M., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2021) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101170 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
León-Moreno, C., Relinque, C. S., Musitu-Ferrer, D., & Herrero, J. (2022) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2022a13 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Longitudinal Sexting Research: A Systematic Review
Hu, Y., Clancy, E. M., & Klettke, B. (2023) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych5020035 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Park, I., & Cho, S. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Charalampous, K., Γεωργίου, Σ. Ν., Demetriou, C., Tricha, L., Nikiforou, M., & Stavrinides, P. (2020) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1798754 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, H.-S., & Jun, J. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81858-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study on Online Sexual Engagement, Victimization, and Psychosocial Well-Being
Reer, F., Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674072 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lebedíková, M. Š., Olveira-Araujo, R., Mýlek, V., Šmahel, D., & Dědková, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108048 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dodaj, A., Prijatelj, K., & Jagodić, G. K. (2024) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.33.1.9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ojeda, M., Romera, E. M., & Rey, R. D. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0412 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hidden desires, echoed distress: Dissecting Nigeria’s sexting landscape and its ties to depression
Yisa, V. L., & Orji, R. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108420 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Conduct problems and sexting: Gender differences
Mariamo, A., Martin‐Storey, A., Déry, M., Tomasiello, M., & Temcheff, C. E. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108152 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
El lado oscuro de internet. ¿Predice el cyberbullying la participación en sexting?
Giménez-Gualdo, A. M., Sánchez-Romero, E. I., Díez, M. S. T., Departamento de Educación, U. F. D. V., Facultad de Educación, U. C. D. M., & Departamento de Orientación, C. C. (2022) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.2022.v54.13 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Le sexting secondaire chez les adolescent·e·s. Origine et enjeux d’une source de cyberintimidation
Desfachelles, M., & Fortin, F. (2019) · Déviance et Société · doi:10.3917/ds.433.0329 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dhamodharan, M., & Sunaina, K. (2023) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5760-3.ch010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Insights into Adolescent Online Conflict through Qualitative Analysis of Online Messages
Ranney, M. L., Lehrbach, K. R., Scott, N. A., Nugent, N. R., Riese, A., Huang, J. J. S., Fong, G., & Rosen, R. K. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.467 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dodaj, A., Prijatelj, K., Sesar, K., Mandić, S., & Bursać, S. R. (2024) · Kriminologija & socijalna integracija : časopis za kriminologiju, penologiju i poremećaje u ponašanju · doi:10.31299/ksi.32.2.3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Validation of the Chinese version of the coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying scale
Chen, Q., Lu, Z., Liu, B., Xiao, Q., Zhu, Y., & Chan, K. L. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01766-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Risks and Benefits of Adolescent Girls’ Participation in Online Sexting Survey Research
Tao, X., Bragard, E., & Fisher, C. B. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02003-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adolescent Sexting: A Narrative Review
Field, T. M. (2019) · International Journal of Psychological Research and Reviews · doi:10.28933/ijprr-2019-06-2306 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence and Health Correlates Among Gay Men in China
Zhang, J. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01104-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sexting Behaviors and Fear of Missing out Among Young Adults
Morelli, M., Ragona, A., Chirumbolo, A., Nappa, M. R., Babore, A., Trumello, C., Sciabica, G. M., & Cattelino, E. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040454 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Validación de la Escala Abreviada de Celos de Facebook entre Hombres y Mujeres Colombianos
Sánchez-Fuentes, M. D. M., Moyano, N., Alcaráz-Iborra, M., Parra-Barrera, S. M., & Quílez-Robres, A. (2023) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2023.26.2.5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cyberbullying From a Research Viewpoint
da Fonseca, J. M. R., & Tiago, M. T. B. (2020) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-5728-0.ch010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Honusová, B. L., Dědková, L., & Mýlek, V. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108646 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
West, K., & Kukawska, E. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-09990-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sreelatha, G. (2023) · International Journal of Advances in Business and Management Research · doi:10.60072/ijabmr.2023.v1i01.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Safer Sexting Strategies in Technology-Mediated Sexual Interactions: Findings from a National Study
Rothmüller, B. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01015-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Steele-Baser, M., Allen, C. T., Mercado, M. C., Cooper, A. C., & Wagner, R. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-024-02989-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yin, Z., Xuan, B., Zhang, X., & Di, Y. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08024-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The gendered perspective of cyberbullying: The case of a rural University in Limpopo
Mabika, M. (2022) · Communicare Journal for Communication Studies in Africa · doi:10.36615/jcsa.v41i1.1399 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sexting among adolescents: examining the association between sexting and self-esteem
Fannin, H. (2020) · doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2020.pas.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Erofeeva, M. A., Зуйкова, А. А., & Safronov, A. I. (2020) · Perspectives of science and education · doi:10.32744/pse.2020.5.20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Internet Safety: Family and Clinician Protection of Kids Online
Saenger, R. C., & Rosén, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24804-7_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Escortell, R., Caba‐Machado, V., Machimbarrena, J. M., González-Abaurrea, E., Sevilla-Fernández, D., & González‐Cabrera, J. M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100662 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sexting Motivation Scale (EMS) in Peruvian Youth
Palomino-Ccasa, J., Shupingahua, A. T., Chuqui, L. P. T., Sánchez, J. K. S., Diaz, M. Y. T., Malca-Peralta, S. S., & Millones-Liza, D. Y. (2025) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes6020020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ojeda, M., Jiménez, M. G., Durán, M., & Rey, R. D. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2506730 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Niven, K., Seymour-Smith, S., Buglass, S. L., & Prikrylova, E. (2025) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-025-00333-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parent-adolescent communication about sex and adolescent sexting behaviors
Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & Herbenick, D. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251397465 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Developmental aspects (including cyberbullying)
Mestre‐Bach, G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822201-0.00007-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Relationships Between Cyberbullying, Sexting, and College Student Well-Being
Burke, G., & Norvilitis, J. M. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5594-4.ch043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nestler, C., Endres, A., & Schiller, E.-M. (2022) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2022.71.4.362 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dodgen, D. W., & Anderson, C. (2023) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32597-7_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Turley, E. L., Corbett-Jarvis, N., George, A., & McEwan, A. (2023) · Psychology of Women and Equalities Section Review · doi:10.53841/bpspowe.2023.6.2.24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aznar, M. P. M. (2024) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes5030025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cornejos, C. S. C. S. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v1.2040 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raguž, A. B., Flander, G. B., & Maršanić, V. B. (2021) · Kriminologija & socijalna integracija : časopis za kriminologiju, penologiju i poremećaje u ponašanju · doi:10.31299/ksi.29.2.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cyberbullying From a Research Viewpoint
da Fonseca, J. M. R., & Tiago, M. T. B. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5594-4.ch081 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prijatelj, K. (2026) · Acta Medica Academica · doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.500
“Consensual peer sexting refers to voluntary, mutual exchanges of sexual messages or self-generated images between minors who perceive themselves as similar in age, power, and knowledge, and which may carry psychosocial risks but are not forms of abuse or criminal conduct (2, 33-35).”
Género, control parental y victimización on line: una revisión sistemática.
Cornejos, C. S. C. S. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2112
Sexualidades dissidentes, subjetividade e Instagram: estudo de caso com jovens kinksters
Carvalho, A. D. S. L. V. (2022) · doi:10.47328/ufvbbt.2022.366
Beyond Policing: Understanding Threats to School Safety and Who Can Really Help
Edwards, E. C., & Edwards, E. J. (2024) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2024.2315559
Endres, A., Nestler, C., & Schiller, E.-M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68722-2_2
Endres, A., Nestler, C., & Schiller, E.-M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68722-2_1
An Efficient Deep Learning‐Based Framework for Predicting Cyber Violence in Social Networks
Fathabad, Y. F., Balafar, M. A., Oskouei, A. G., & Koohi, K. (2025) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/cplx/2750326
Adewuyi, H. O., Okpako, E. O., & Odutayo, A. O. (2025) · EUREKA Social and Humanities · doi:10.21303/2504-5571.2025.003810 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
From private to public: Analyzing the dynamics of nonconsensual sexts in the digital age
Mishna, F., Brown, S., Jeries-Loulou, L. J., Khoury‐Kassabri, M., Brisson‐Boivin, K., Slane, A., Craig, W., Ashcroft, R., & Pepler, D. J. (2025) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaf169
Carrascosa, L. L., Ortega-Barón, J., & Iranzo, B. (2025) · Acciones e Investigaciones Sociales · doi:10.26754/ojs_ais/ais.20254711708
CHEN, Q., LU, Z., Liu, B., Xiao, Q., Zhu, Y., & Chan, K. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26718519
Jin, S., Li, B., Hu, G., Lian, Z., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251398431
Sexting and Sextortion in Adolescents: Essentials for the PNP
Chiocca, E. M., Hornor, G., & Sidberry, R. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2025.07.017
Pediatric emergency medicine providers’ experience with digital sexual exposure and abuse
Reich, S. M., Starks, A., Zhu, J., & Brindis, S. L. (2026) · Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.2196/preprints.91305
Development and Characteristics of Sexting from Age 14 to 18 Years in a Norwegian Birth Cohort
Steinsbekk, S., Nesi, J. L., Choukas‐Bradley, S., & Wichstrøm, L. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03413-5
- Authors
- Van Ouytsel, J., Lu, Y., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Temple, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Communication Studies University of Antwerp Sint‐Jacobsstraat 2 2000 Antwerp Belgium
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Ghent University (BE)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-04-05
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-41
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9254
- PMC
- PMC6597258
- OpenAlex
- W2928621846
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 17.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD059916)
- National Institute of Justice (2012‐WG‐BX‐0005, 2012-WG-BX-0005)
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Research Foundation - Flanders
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Keywords
- adolescent sexting, cyberbullying, traditional bullying, bullying victimization, cyber victimization, mediation, adolescents, high school students
- MeSH terms
- Cyberbullying, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Schools, Texas, Crime Victims
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
