Comparison of the cardiovascular benefits of resistance, aerobic, and combined exercise (CardioRACE): rationale, design, and methods
Open accessAbstract
Background The benefits of aerobic exercise (AE) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been well documented. Resistance exercise (RE) has been traditionally examined for its effects on bone density, physical function, or metabolic health, yet few data exist regarding the benefits of RE, independent of and combined with AE, for CVD prevention. This randomized controlled trial, "Comparison of the Cardiovascular Benefits of Resistance, Aerobic, and Combined Exercise (CardioRACE)," is designed to determine the relative benefits of RE, AE, or combined RE plus AE training on CVD risk factors.Methods Participants are 406 inactive men and women (35-70 years) with a body mass index of 25-40 kg/m 2 and blood pressure (BP) of 120-139/80-89 mm Hg without taking antihypertensive medications. Participants are randomly assigned to RE only, AE only, combined RE and AE (CE), or a no exercise control group. Participants perform supervised exercise at 50%-80% of their relative maximum intensity for both AE and RE, 3 times a week for 60 minutes per session, for 1 year (all 3 groups are time matched).Results The primary outcome is a composite z score including resting BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting glucose, and percent body fat, which is assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Diet and outside physical activity are measured throughout the intervention for 1 year.Conclusion CardioRACE (ClinicalTrials.govNCT03069092) will fill an important knowledge gap regarding the effects of RE, alone or in addition to the well-documented effects of AE. CardioRACE will help generate more comprehensive and synergistic clinical and public health strategies to prevent CVD.
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The primary outcome was pre-specified and reported in the trial registration and methods paper.
“The primary outcome, pre-specified and reported in the trial registration and methods paper,15 was the change from baseline to 1 year in the composite average, but not cumulative, Z-score of systolic blood pressure, LDL-C, fasting glucose, and per cent body fat; lower scores indicate better CVD risk profile.”
From Aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight or obese adults: the CardioRACE trial (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
The Methods (Study Outcomes; page unavailable) identifies the primary outcome as the baseline-to-12-month change in a composite CVD risk z-score. Data Analysis specifies that the score is the mean of four risk-factor z-scores, supporting the ‘average, but not cumulative’ description. The paper calls the blood-pressure component ‘resting BP,’ not specifically systolic BP; it gives a trial registration number but does not establish what outcome the registration recorded. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe protocol was approved by the institutional review board and monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring board.
“The protocol was approved by the institutional review board, monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring board, and published earlier.15”
From Aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight or obese adults: the CardioRACE trial (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
The Methods—Participants section states that the study was approved by the local institutional review board. Methods—Exercise Interventions and Control mentions Data Safety and Monitoring Board protocols, but does not say the board was independent or that it monitored the study protocol. This paper is itself the earlier publication describing the study’s design and methods. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Brellenthin, A. G., Lanningham-Foster, L. M., Kohut, M. L., Li, Y., Church, T. S., Blair, S. N., & Lee, D.-C.
- Affiliations
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Duck-chul
- Venue
- American Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 217
- Pages
- 101-111
- ISSN
- 0002-8703 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6861681
- OpenAlex
- W2967703244
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- resistance training, aerobic exercise, concurrent training, cardiovascular disease prevention, cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, body fat percentage, prediabetes, sedentary adults, exercise intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Combined Modality Therapy, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Lipoproteins, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Patient Selection, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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