Cited by 263Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Depression in Children and Adolescents

Garber, Judy·2006·American Journal of Preventive Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007

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Abstract

The National Institute of Mental Health has called for translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals' chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive-behavioral techniques, with some success. Other depression-prevention strategies have included training in coping, social problem solving, social skills, communication skills, and parenting. A comprehensive prevention program is recommended that includes multiple intervention components, each of which addresses risk and protective factors across different domains and levels of analysis.

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Background
Effects of Early-Life Stress on Serotonin1A Receptors in Juvenile Rhesus Monkeys Measured by Positron Emission Tomography
Spinelli, S., Chefer, S. I., Carson, R. E., Jagoda, E. M., Lang, L., Heilig, M. A., Barr, C. S., Suomi, S. J., Higley, J. D., & Stein, E. A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.030 · Cited by 78
Authoritarian parenting and youth depression: Results from a national study
King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1132870 · Cited by 76
“However, based on an extensive literature review, most existing interventions for depression do not involve parental protective factors (Garber, 2006; Restifo & Bogels, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Randomized controlled trial of primary care physician motivational interviewing versus brief advice to engage adolescents with an Internet-based depression prevention intervention: 6-month outcomes and predictors of improvement.
Hoek, W., Marko, M., Fogel, J., Schuurmans, J., Gladstone, T., Bradford, N., Domanico, R., Fagan, B., Bell, C., Reinecke, M. A., et al. (2011) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2011.07.006 · Cited by 73
“Knowledge of predictors of intervention response (in general and also specific approaches) could improve intervention design greatly.(12,13) This was a phase 2 clinical trial intended to lay the foundation for a randomized clinical trial comparing the optimized CATCH-IT intervention with control arm (treatment as usua…”
A Single-Session, Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial
Cardamone-Breen, M. C., Jorm, A. F., Lawrence, K. A., Rapee, R. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Yap, M. B. H. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9499 · Cited by 75
“In practice, the optimal plan for dissemination of preventive parenting programs for adolescent depression and anxiety would likely involve a combination of universal, selective, and indicated approaches [93].”
Background
Menstrual hygiene management practices and associated health outcomes among school-going adolescents in rural Gambia
Nabwera, H., Shah, V., Neville, R., Sosseh, F., Saidykhan, M., Faal, F., Sonko, B. J., Keita, O., Schmidt, W., & Torondel, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247554 · Cited by 85
“Previous researchers have explained that sex differences are probably due to some combination of agerelated changes in biological and social circumstances [57, 58].”
Background
Age Variability in the Association Between Heavy Episodic Drinking and Adolescent Suicide Attempts: Findings From a Large-Scale, School-Based Screening Program
Aseltine, R. H., Schilling, E. A., James, A., Glanovsky, J. L., & Jacobs, D. G. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318195bce8 · Cited by 75
Trends in health complaints from 2002 to 2010 in 34 countries and their association with health behaviours and social context factors at individual and macro-level
Ottová-Jordan, V., Smith, O. R. F., Augustine, L., Gobiņa, I., Rathmann, K., Torsheim, T., Mazur, J., Välimaa, R. S., Cavallo, F., Klanšček, H. J., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv033 · Cited by 74
Short-term and long-term effects of repeated social defeat during adolescence or adulthood in female rats
Hoeve, E. S. V., Kelly, G., Luz, S., Ghanshani, S., & Bhatnagar, S. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.073 · Cited by 71
“Repeated social stress has been shown to impact the brain norepinephrine system that regulates defensive strategies (Bingham et al., 2011), increasing adolescents’ susceptibility to anxiety and depression (Garber, 2006); (Romeo et al., 2006); (Weintraub et al., 2010).”
Background
A Prospective Examination of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Among Psychiatric Adolescent Inpatients
Cole-Lewis, Y. C. O., Gipson, P. Y., Opperman, K. J., Arango, A., & King, C. (2016) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0194-y · Cited by 65
“Interpersonal difficulties such as lack of social connectedness and family or peer conflict have been linked to both depression and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among youth (Garber 2006; King and Merchant 2008).”
Predicting future risk of depressive episode in adolescents: the Chicago Adolescent Depression Risk Assessment (CADRA)
Van Voorhees, B. W., Paunesku, D., Gollan, J., Kuwabara, S., Reinecke, M., & Basu, A. (2008) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.887 · Cited by 65
Parental socioeconomic status, adolescents' screen time and sports participation through externalizing and internalizing characteristics
Männikkö, N., Ruotsalainen, H., Miettunen, J., Marttila-Tornio, K., & Kääriäinen, M. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03415 · Cited by 58
“In the present study girls showed significantly higher rates of internalizing symptoms than boys, as previously reported (Garber, 2006; Perrino et al., 2019).”
Result
The Effects of Friendship Network Popularity on Depressive Symptoms During Early Adolescence: Moderation by Fear of Negative Evaluation and Gender
Kornienko, O., & Santos, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9979-4 · Cited by 60
Do better executive functions buffer the effect of current parental depression on adolescent depressive symptoms?
Davidovich, S., Collishaw, S., Thapar, A. K., Harold, G. T., Thapar, A., & Rice, F. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.049 · Cited by 68
“Parental depression has been identified as a major risk factor for depression in childhood and adolescence with children of depressed parents three to four times more likely to develop depression than offspring of non-depressed parents (Garber, 2006; Rice and Rawal, 2010; Weissman et al., 1997).”
Background
Developmental trajectories of internalising behaviour in the prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms
Toumbourou, J., Williams, I. R., Letcher, P., Sanson, A., & Smart, D. (2011) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00023.x · Cited by 65
Pathways from maternal depressive symptoms to adolescent depressive symptoms: the unique contribution of irritability symptoms
Whelan, Y. M., Leibenluft, E., Stringaris, A. K., & Barker, E. D. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12395 · Cited by 63
“As a result, researchhassought to identifyearly familyriskfactors and child characteristics that can predict adolescent depressive symptoms, to enable early identification andmobilize preventative interventionmeasures that focus on early risk factors (e.g. Garber, 2006).”
Background
A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of a School-Based Resilience Intervention to Prevent Depressive Symptoms for Young Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Mackay, B., Shochet, I. M., & Orr, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3263-5 · Cited by 64
“RAP-A is based on integral elements of CBT and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), both of which have developed a solid evidence base for the treatment of depression in young people (Clarke et al. 2001; Garber 2006; Garber et al. 2009a; Horowitz et al. 2007; Merry et al. 2004; RivetDuval et al. 2011).”
Method
Parenting strategies for reducing the risk of childhood depression and anxiety disorders: A Delphi consensus study
Yap, M. B. H., Fowler, M., Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.031 · Cited by 57
“Universal programs can be designed to cover the whole range of modifiable factors that all parents can improve in, regardless of current risk (Garber, 2006; Yap et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prevention of depression among Icelandic adolescents: A 12-month follow-up
Arnarson, E. Ö., & Craighead, W. E. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.008 · Cited by 56
From Prototype to Product: Development of a Primary Care/Internet Based Depression Prevention Intervention for Adolescents (CATCH-IT)
Landback, J., Prochaska, M. T., Ellis, J., Dmochowska, K., Kuwabara, S. A., Gladstone, T. R. G., Larson, J., Stuart, S. P., Gollan, J. K., Bell, C. C., et al. (2009) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9226-3 · Cited by 55
“Similarly, growing evidence suggests a depressive disorder in adolescents may have many determinants and that programs that address multiple factors may be more effective ( Garber 2006; Cuijpers et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Parental Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Adjustment: A Prospective Test of an Explanatory Model for the Role of Marital Conflict
Cummings, E. M., Cheung, R. Y. M., Koss, K. J., & Davies, P. T. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9860-2 · Cited by 64
“Supporting a focus on depressive symptoms, subclinical as well as clinical levels of depressive symptoms are associated with risk for psychosocial dysfunction (Garber, 2006; Sheeber, Davis, Leve, Hops, & Tildesley, 2007).”
Two-Year Impact of Prevention Programs on Adolescent Depression: an Integrative Data Analysis Approach
Brown, C. H., Brincks, A., Huang, S., Perrino, T., Cruden, G., Pantin, H., Howe, G., Young, J. F., Beardslee, W., Montag, S., et al. (2018) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0737-1 · Cited by 53
“…interventions for youth suggest that depressive symptoms can be reduced and depressive disorders prevented, at least in the short-term (Horowitz & Garber, 2006; Institute of Medicine & National Research Council, 2009; Merry et al., 2011; Munoz et al., 2012; Stice, Shaw, Bohon, Marti, & Rohde,…”
Influential
Indicated preventive interventions for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Ssegonja, R., Nystrand, C., Feldman, I., Sarkadi, A., Langenskiöld, S., & Jonsson, U. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.09.021 · Cited by 56
Prospective relations between parental depression, negative expressiveness, emotional insecurity, and children's internalizing symptoms
Cummings, E. M., Cheung, R. Y. M., & Davies, P. T. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0362-1 · Cited by 47
“The role of parents’ negative emotional expressiveness in pathways between parental depressive symptoms and children’s risk for adjustment problems has been little examined but the evidence suggests it merits study [5, 13, 14].”
Childhood predictors of recurrent abdominal pain in adolescence: A 13-year population-based prospective study
Helgeland, H., Sandvik, L., Mathiesen, K. S., & Kristensen, H. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.010 · Cited by 46
“Furthermore, previous studies have also reported an association between NLE and anxiety and depression [52].”
Background
The genetics of depression in childhood and adolescence
Rice, F. J. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0026-9 · Cited by 46
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of a Family-Based Adolescent Depression Intervention on both Youth and Parent Mental Health Outcomes
Poole, L. A., Knight, T., Toumbourou, J. W., Lubman, D. I., Bertino, M. D., & Lewis, A. J. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0292-7 · Cited by 46
The relationship between social capital and depression during the transition to adulthood
O’Connor, M., Hawkins, M. T., Toumbourou, J. W., Sanson, A. V., Letcher, P., & Olsson, C. A. (2011) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00004.x · Cited by 46
“Depression over the transition to adulthood is relatively common, with a 1-month prevalence of around 20% (Smart & Sanson, 2005), and a range of biological and social risk factors have been identified (Badcock et al., 2011; van Eekelen et al., 2011; Garber, 2006).”
Background
The Parenting to Reduce Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Scale: Assessing parental concordance with parenting guidelines for the prevention of adolescent depression and anxiety disorders
Cardamone-Breen, M. C., Jorm, A. F., Lawrence, K. A., Mackinnon, A. J., & Yap, M. B. H. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3825 · Cited by 44
“The overlap of risk factors and high degree of comorbidity has led to the recommendation of a transdiagnostic preventive approach (Garber, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
The influence of parenting styles and parental depression on adolescent depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional and longitudinal approach
Keijser, R., Olofsdotter, S., Nilsson, K. W., & Åslund, C. (2020) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200193 · Cited by 44
“Negative parenting and parental mental illness have indeed been associated with depression among adolescents (Garber, 2006, Schwartz et al., 2012), and a lack of warmth and availability in the parent – adolescent relationship is suggested to be an important risk factor for adolescent depression…”
Self‐injury in youths who lost a parent to cancer: nationwide study of the impact of family‐related and health‐care‐related factors
Bylund‐Grenklo, T., Kreicbergs, U. C., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Nyberg, T., Steineck, G., & Fürst, C. J. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3515 · Cited by 51
“Notably, these factors are interrelated: depression is more common in female youths [47,48]; suicidal ideation, including thoughts of hurting oneself, is a symptom of depression; and having been subjected to physical and sexual abuse T ab le 2.”
Background
Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Urban African American Adolescents
Tandon, S. D., & Solomon, B. S. (2008) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x08327520 · Cited by 42
“…risk factors such as social isolation, poverty, and association with antisocial peers; family risk factors such as low levels of parental warmth and family dysfunction; and, individual-level variables such as gender, temperament, and antisocial behavior (Garber, 2006; Lewinsohn et al., 1998).”
Background
An internet-based adolescent depression preventive intervention: study protocol for a randomized control trial
Gladstone, T. R. G., Marko-Holguin, M., Rothberg, P. C., Nidetz, J., Diehl, A., DeFrino, D. T., Harris, M., Ching, E., Eder, M., Canel, J., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0705-2 · Cited by 41
“We expect to conduct tests of moderation in eight domains: (a) adolescent demographic and cultural factors [119-121], (b) adolescent vulnerability factors and adverse events [51], (c) adolescent motivation and attitudes [62], (d) adolescent relationship with the provider, (e) parent and child comorbid psychopathology,…”
Why are anxiety and depressive symptoms comorbid in youth? A multi-wave, longitudinal examination of competing etiological models
Cohen, J. R., Young, J. F., Gibb, B. E., Hankin, B. L., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.042 · Cited by 49
“Additionally, our findings reinforce the need to use specific techniques to target problematic cognitive styles (e.g., see Garber, 2006) and decrease symptoms of anxiety which are activating these specific cognitive styles (e.g., Conrad & Roth, 2007) when treating comorbid emotional distress in…”
Chicago Urban Resiliency Building (CURB): An Internet-Based Depression-Prevention Intervention for Urban African-American and Latino Adolescents
Saulsberry, A., Corden, M. E., Taylor-Crawford, K., Crawford, T. J., Johnson, M., Froemel, J., Walls, A., Fogel, J., Marko-Holguin, M., & Voorhees, B. W. V. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9627-8 · Cited by 41
“…adolescents is estimated to be 20 % by age 17 (Kaufman et al. 1996) and has considerable long-term morbidity and mortality (Brent et al. 1993, 1988; Georgiades et al. 2006; Harrington et al. 1990; Lewinsohn et al. 1994; Weissman A. Saulsberry M. E. Corden M. Marko-Holguin B. W. Van Voorhees (&)…”
Background
Childhood Trauma and Stressful Life Events Are Independently Associated with Sleep Disturbances in Adolescents
Baddam, S. K. R., Olvera, R. L., Canapari, C. A., Crowley, M. J., & Williamson, D. E. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9100108 · Cited by 39
Mediating effects of parent-child relationship on the association between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms among adolescents
Song, L., Fang, P., Jiang, Z., Li, S., Song, X., & Wan, Y. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105408 · Cited by 40
Reducing Internalizing Symptoms Among High-Risk, Hispanic Adolescents: Mediators of a Preventive Family Intervention
Perrino, T., Brincks, A. M., Howe, G. W., Brown, C. H., Prado, G. J., & Pantin, H. M. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0655-2 · Cited by 39
“Internalizing disorders such as depression are heterogeneous in their development (see Garber 2006; Pine and Fox 2015).”
Effectiveness of an Individual School-based Intervention for Children with Aggressive Behaviour: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Stoltz, S. E. M. J., van Londen, M., Deković, M., de Castro, B. O., Prinzie, P., & Lochman, J. E. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000525 · Cited by 39
“It has been speculated that gender differences in response to intervention can occur as a consequence of differing therapy preferences of boys and girls (Garber, 2006).”
Background
The serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region is associated with the behavioral response to repeated stress exposure in infant rhesus macaques
Spinelli, S., Schwandt, M. L., Lindell, S. G., Heilig, M. A., Suomi, S. J., Higley, J. D., Goldman, D. A., & Barr, C. S. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000745 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, epidemiological data indicate a higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women compared to men (Garber, 2006; Sloan & Kornstein, 2003) and gender differences in the contributions of the 5-HTTLPR genotype to depression have also been reported (Brummett et al.”
Background
Personalized Depression Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Optimize Effects Through Risk-Informed Personalization
Young, J. F., Jones, J. D., Gallop, R., Benas, J. S., Schueler, C. M., Garber, J., & Hankin, B. L. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.004 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Depression in children
Kapornai, K., & Vetró, Á. (2008) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3282f25b01 · Cited by 37
Does childhood maltreatment increase the subsequent risk of problematic smartphone use among adolescents? A two-wave longitudinal study
Geng, J., Bao, L., Wang, H., Wang, J., Gao, T., & Lei, L. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107250 · Cited by 40
Effect of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training vs Internet-Based General Health Education on Adolescent Depression in Primary Care
Gladstone, T. R. G., DeFrino, D. T., Paulson, A., Nidetz, J., Canel, J., Ching, E., Berry, A. D., Cantorna, J., Fogel, J., Eder, M., et al. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4278 · Cited by 34
Missed opportunities: mental disorder in children of parents with depression
Potter, R., Mars, B., Eyre, O., Legge, S. E., Ford, T. J., Sellers, R., Craddock, N. J., Rice, F. J., Collishaw, S., Thapar, A., et al. (2012) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp12x652355 · Cited by 35
Prepubertal gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog leads to exaggerated behavioral and emotional sex differences in sheep
Wojniusz, S., Vögele, C., Ropstad, E., Evans, N. P., Robinson, J. E., Sütterlin, S., Erhard, H. W., Solbakk, A., Endestad, T., Olberg, D. E., et al. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.09.010 · Cited by 34
Identifying active ingredients in cognitive-behavioral therapies: What if we didn't?Preprint
Lorenzo‐Luaces, L. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104365 · Cited by 33
Effectiveness of a universal school-based programme for preventing depression in Chinese adolescents: A quasi-experimental pilot study
Wong, P. W. C., Fu, K., Chan, K. Y. K., Chan, W. S. C., Liu, P. M. Y., Law, Y. W., & Yip, P. S. F. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.050 · Cited by 34
“Epidemiological studies have shown that unipolar depressive disorders often begin in adolescence and affect about 3%- 8% of adolescents in the US (Garber, 2006), and that approximately 21%-28% of adolescents experience an episode of major depression by age 19 (Merry, McDowell, Hetrick, Bir, &…”
Background
Evaluation of the interplay between homework motivation and sluggish cognitive tempo in youth with ADHD: associations with homework performance
Smith, Z. R., Breaux, R. P., Green, C. D., & Langberg, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718763722 · Cited by 32
Clinical Correlates of Comorbid Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Depression in Youth
Canavera, K. E., Ollendick, T. H., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Pincus, D. B. (2010) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0189-y · Cited by 31
Do positive and negative temperament traits interact in predicting risk for depression? A resting EEG study of 329 preschoolers
Shankman, S. A., Klein, D. N., Torpey, D. C., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M. W., Kim, J., Durbin, C. E., Nelson, B. D., & Tenke, C. E. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000022 · Cited by 32
“Such results would suggest that these temperamental traits may be good targets for preventative strategies (Garber, 2006; Karevold, Røysamb, Ystrom, & Mathiesen, 2009).”
Prevalence of Depression in Medical Students at the Lebanese University and Exploring its Correlation With Facebook Relevance: A Questionnaire Study
Naja, W., Kansoun, A. H., & Haddad, R. S. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4551 · Cited by 31
“Notably, social support is a key protective factor against depression [6].”
Influential
Depressive Symptoms and Their Association With Adverse Environmental Factors and Substance Use in Runaway and Homeless Youths
Lim, C. S. F., Rice, E. R. W., & Rhoades, H. (2015) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12200 · Cited by 30
“Studies have documented that risk of depression increases with age (Saluja et al., 2004) and female gender (Garber, 2006); therefore, these demographic variables were included in the regression models as covariates to control for systematic differences in depression.”
Method
Schooling and the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the United States
Roeser, R. W., & Eccles, J. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_9 · Cited by 35
Preventing Youth Internalizing Symptoms Through the Familias Unidas Intervention: Examining Variation in Response
Brincks, A. M., Perrino, T., Howe, G. W., Pantin, H. M., Prado, G. J., Huang, S., Cruden, G., & Brown, C. H. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0666-z · Cited by 29
“Meta-analyses of prevention interventions for adolescents have found that youth with higher risks often benefit more than those with lower risks (see Horowitz and Garber 2006; Sandler et al. 2014; Stice et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential

Authors: Garber, J.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Garber, Judy
ORCID: Garber, Judy
Venue: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 31
Issue: 6
Pages: 104-125
ISSN: 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007
OpenAlex: W2914498801
Cited by: 263
References: 203
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 1.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K02MH066249, K02 MH 66249, R01MH64735, R01MH057822, R01 MH57822, R01MH064735)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD015052, P30 HD-15052)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: depression, children, adolescents, depression prevention, risk factors, mood disorders, family history of depression, anxiety, life events, neuroticism, negative thinking, coping, self-regulation, interpersonal problems, cognitive-behavioral intervention, parenting support, social skills training, social problem solving, protective factors
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personality, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological

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