Alternative approaches for confounding adjustment in observational studies using weighting based on the propensity score: a primer for practitioners

Desai, Rishi J; Franklin, Jessica M

doi:10.1136/bmj.l5657

Cited by 657Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

Alternative approaches for confounding adjustment in observational studies using weighting based on the propensity score: a primer for practitioners

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Desai, Rishi J, Franklin, Jessica M·2019·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.l5657

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Abstract

This report aims to provide methodological guidance to help practitioners select the most appropriate weighting method based on propensity scores for their analysis out of many available options (eg, inverse probability treatment weights, standardised mortality ratio weights, fine stratification weights, overlap weights, and matching weights), and outlines recommendations for transparent reporting of studies using weighting based on the propensity scores.

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Within each cohort, propensity score fine stratification weighting was used to account for confounding.
“Within each cohort, we used propensity score fine stratification weighting to account for confounding.33”
From Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of suicidality among patients with type 2 diabetes: active comparator, new user cohort study (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Several authors have reported the development of depression and other comorbidities in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy.
“In addition, several authors have reported the development of depression and other comorbidities in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy.48,49”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for psychological wellbeing and quality of life in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
The Conclusion (page not given) describes propensity-score weighting, and the Step 3b case example concerns dabigatran and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Searches for androgen deprivation therapy, prostate cancer, depression, and comorbidities found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Desai RJ, Yoshida K, Huybrechts K, Franklin JM. An empirical evaluation of a propensity score stratification based weighting approach in settings of more than two treatment groups. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2019;28:19-19.

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Authors: Desai, R. J., & Franklin, J. M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Desai, Rishi J
ORCID: Desai, Rishi J
Franklin, Jessica M
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2019-10-23
Volume: 367
Pages: l5657
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5657
OpenAlex: W2982188023
Cited by: 657
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 76 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 26
FWCI: 41.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders: Brigham and Women's Hospital
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: propensity score weighting, confounding adjustment, observational studies, reporting transparency, causal inference
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Survival Rate, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Propensity Score, Observational Studies as Topic

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Alternative approaches for confounding adjustment in observational studies using weighting based on the propensity score: a primer for practitioners

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