ESMO recommendations on the use of circulating tumour DNA assays for patients with cancer: A report from the ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group
Open accessAbstract
Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) assays conducted on plasma are rapidly developing a strong evidence base for use in patients with cancer. The European Society for Medical Oncology convened an expert working group to review the analytical and clinical validity and utility of ctDNA assays. For patients with advanced cancer, validated and adequately sensitive ctDNA assays have utility in identifying actionable mutations to direct targeted therapy, and may be used in routine clinical practice, provided the limitations of the assays are taken into account. Tissue-based testing remains the preferred test for many cancer patients, due to limitations of ctDNA assays detecting fusion events and copy number changes, although ctDNA assays may be routinely used when faster results will be clinically important, or when tissue biopsies are not possible or inappropriate. Reflex tumour testing should be considered following a non-informative ctDNA result, due to false-negative results with ctDNA testing. In patients treated for early-stage cancers, detection of molecular residual disease or molecular relapse, has high evidence of clinical validity in anticipating future relapse in many cancers. Molecular residual disease/molecular relapse detection cannot be recommended in routine clinical practice, as currently there is no evidence for clinical utility in directing treatment. Additional potential applications of ctDNA assays, under research development and not recommended for routine practice, include identifying patients not responding to therapy with early dynamic changes in ctDNA levels, monitoring therapy for the development of resistance mutations before clinical progression, and in screening asymptomatic people for cancer. Recommendations for reporting of results, future development of ctDNA assays and future clinical research are made.
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Biological variation is a major reason why biomarker development in sarcoma has progressed more slowly than in common epithelial malignancies.
“This biological variation is a major reason why biomarker development in sarcoma has progressed more slowly than in common epithelial malignancies [ 5 ].”
From Signals Alongside Scans: A Genomics-Guided Framework for Liquid Biopsy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Across early-stage solid tumors, postoperative or post-treatment ctDNA detection is consistently associated with a higher risk of recurrence.
“Across early-stage solid tumors, postoperative or post-treatment ctDNA detection is consistently associated with a higher risk of recurrence”
From Signals Alongside Scans: A Genomics-Guided Framework for Liquid Biopsy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
MRD detection requires greater analytical sensitivity than baseline genotyping or advanced-disease resistance monitoring because tumor-derived DNA may represent only a very small fraction of total cell-free DNA after definitive therapy.
“MRD detection requires greater analytical sensitivity than baseline genotyping or advanced-disease resistance monitoring, because tumor-derived DNA may represent only a very small fraction of total cell-free DNA after definitive therapy [ 5 , 9 ].”
From Signals Alongside Scans: A Genomics-Guided Framework for Liquid Biopsy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Across solid tumors, ctDNA fraction varies according to tumor burden, anatomical site, proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, treatment exposure, vascularity, microenvironment, and host-related factors.
“Across solid tumors, ctDNA fraction varies according to tumor burden, anatomical site, proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, treatment exposure, vascularity, microenvironment, and host-related factors [ 5 ].”
From Signals Alongside Scans: A Genomics-Guided Framework for Liquid Biopsy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
MRD detection requires substantially greater analytical sensitivity than baseline genotyping because tumor-derived DNA may be present at very low levels after surgery or definitive therapy.
“MRD detection is the most clinically ambitious use of ctDNA in sarcoma. It requires substantially greater analytical sensitivity than baseline genotyping because tumor-derived DNA may be present at very low levels after surgery or definitive therapy [ 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].”
From Signals Alongside Scans: A Genomics-Guided Framework for Liquid Biopsy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Blood collection tube type, sample volume, time from venipuncture to plasma separation, centrifugation protocol, storage temperature, freeze-thaw exposure, and cfDNA extraction method can influence cfDNA yield, leukocyte DNA contamination, fragment size, tumor fraction, and downstream assay performance.
“Blood collection tube type, sample volume, time from venipuncture to plasma separation, centrifugation protocol, storage temperature, freeze–thaw exposure, and cfDNA extraction method can all influence cfDNA yield, leukocyte DNA contamination, fragment size, tumor fraction, and downstream assay performance [ 5 , 11 , 12 , 40 ].”
From Signals Alongside Scans: A Genomics-Guided Framework for Liquid Biopsy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Current approaches to tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic panels are single-omic methods focused on the detection of variation in DNA.
“Current approaches to tumor‐informed and tumor‐agnostic panels are single‐omic methods focused on the detection of variation in DNA [ 13 ].”
From Establishing a Common Lexicon for Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis and Molecular Residual Disease: Insights From the BLOODPAC Consortium (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
The choice of 'molecular' residual disease instead of 'minimal' residual disease for liquid biopsy of solid tumors is consistent with terminology adopted by ESMO, FDA draft guidance, and Friends of Cancer Research.
“This approach is consistent with terminology adopted by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) [ 13 ], FDA draft guidance on the use of circulating tumor DNA [ 14 ], and Friends of Cancer Research [ 9 ].”
From Establishing a Common Lexicon for Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis and Molecular Residual Disease: Insights From the BLOODPAC Consortium (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
KRAS in NSCLC: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
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- Authors
- Pascual, J., Attard, G., Bidard, F.-C., Curigliano, G., De Mattos-Arruda, L., Diehn, M., Italiano, A., Lindberg, J., Merker, J. D., Montagut, C., Normanno, N., Pantel, K., Pentheroudakis, G., Popat, S., Reis-Filho, J. S., Tie, J., Seoane, J., Tarazona, N., Yoshino, T., & Turner, N. C.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (ES)
- University College London (GB)
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (FR)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale" (IT)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- European Society for Medical Oncology (CH)
- Institute of Cancer Research (GB)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- National Cancer Center Hospital East (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Turner, N.C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Oncology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-768
- ISSN
- 0923-7534 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4284706731
- Cited by
- 783
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 234 · 2025: 215 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 23
- FWCI
- 57.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation
- Amgen
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Ariad Pharmaceuticals
- Celgene
- Merck KGaA
- Les Laboratories Pierre Fabre
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich
- European Society for Medical Oncology
- Servier
- Genentech
- Chugai Pharmaceutical
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA254179, R01CA244526, P50CA257911, R01CA257655)
- Daiichi Sankyo Europe
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › BRCA gene mutations in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- circulating tumor DNA, liquid biopsy, actionable mutations, targeted therapy, molecular residual disease, molecular relapse, early-stage cancer, treatment response monitoring, resistance mutations, cancer screening, false-negative results
- MeSH terms
- Circulating Tumor DNA, Humans, Mutation, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Biomarkers, Tumor, Precision Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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