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Optimism, dietary habits, body mass index and smoking among young Finnish adults
Abstract
The association between optimism and health habits was evaluated among 31-year-old men and women (n=8690) born in Northern Finland in 1966. Both women and men above the upper quartile for optimism more often ate fresh vegetables and salads (women 76%/men 57%), berries (23%/9%), fruit (67%/42%), low-fat cheese (25%/16%) and salad dressing (15%/17%) than those below the lower quartile (56%/31%, 14%/5%, 52%/26%, 18%/10% and 10%/5%, respectively) with women in higher proportion than in men in each case. Pessimism was associated with infrequent consumption of foods rich in fiber and salad dressing and the proportions of high consumers of alcohol. Proportion of subjects with BMI of 30.0 kg/m2 and above and that of current smokers were higher among the pessimists than among the optimists. Thus lack of optimism is associated with a cluster of unhealthy dietary and other habits. This may at least partly explain the positive association of optimism with health found in previous studies.
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“In a meta-analysis, Pal and colleagues[30] found that online diabetes self-management interventions have a small, but statistically significant, effects on HbA1c, diet, and lipids, but do not consistently improve depression symptoms.”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [30]
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“Second, nonsmokers were more optimistic than smokers, which is in accordance with previous data [17,18,27].”
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Cohn, M. A., Pietrucha, M. E., Saslow, L. R., Hult, J. R., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.920410 · Cited by 188
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“In a study performed in Finland, the proportion of current smokers was lower among optimistic men and women, and individuals with greater optimism were likely to be categorized as having no lifetime smoking history.(41) A final study found that middle school students with greater optimism reported less frequent use of…”
BackgroundDevelopment of a positive psychology intervention for patients with acute cardiovascular disease
Huffman, J. C., Mastromauro, C. A., Boehm, J. K., Seabrook, R., Fricchione, G. L., Denninger, J. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2011) · Heart International · doi:10.4081/hi.2011.e14 · Cited by 148
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The Promise of Well-Being Interventions for Improving Health Risk Behaviors
Boehm, J. K., Vie, L. L., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-012-0273-x · Cited by 84
“In a cross-sectional study of more than 8000 Finnish adults, individuals with the greatest optimism reported eating fewer sweets but more fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy products [19].”
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Boehm, J. K., Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Kivimaki, M., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000200 · Cited by 73
Relation Between Optimism and Lipids in Midlife
Boehm, J. K., Williams, D. R., Rimm, E. B., Ryff, C. D., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.292 · Cited by 76
A randomized trial of an optimism training intervention in patients with heart disease
Mohammadi, N., Aghayousefi, A., Nikrahan, G. R., Adams, C. N., Alipour, A., Sadeghi, M., Roohafza, H., Celano, C. M., & Huffman, J. C. (2017) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.12.004 · Cited by 73
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“Several cross-sectional studies have found optimism to be related to non-smoking status, eating a healthier diet and greater physical activity (Kelloniemi et al., 2005; Steptoe, Wright, Kunz-Ebrecht, & Iliffe, 2006b) – factors which promote ideal Psychology & Health 1233”
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Positive Psychological Functioning and the Biology of Health
Kubzansky, L. D., Boehm, J. K., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12224 · Cited by 56
Boehm, J. K. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12599 · Cited by 61
“Although cross‐sectional associations between well‐being and cigarette smoking are evident (e.g., Kelloniemi et al., 2005; Morimoto et al., 2018), longitudinal associations have not been reliably confirmed.”
BackgroundSeppälä, T., Hankonen, N. E., Korkiakangas, E. E., Ruusuvuori, J., & Laitinen, J. H. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4574-3 · Cited by 43
“Although emotions [37, 38], optimism [39, 40], and identity [41] have all been found to be associated with health behaviours, they were only identified in one or two papers.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLifestyle Adjustments in Long-COVID Management: Potential Benefits of Plant-Based Diets
Storz, M. A. (2021) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00369-x · Cited by 45
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“, 2006), and with healthy diet in younger adults (Kelloniemi et al., 2005) and postmenopausal women (Tinker et al.”
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Kubzansky, L., Boehm, J. K., Allen, A. R., Vie, L. L., Ho, T. E., Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Koga, H. K., Scheier, L., & Seligman, M. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000621 · Cited by 25
“Numerous studies indicate optimists are more likely to have healthier diets, exercise more and obtain adequate sleep (Kelloniemi et al., 2005; Steptoe et al., 2006; Trudel-Fitzgerald et al., 2019), while less likely to engage in behaviours that jeopardise health, like excess alcohol consumption or smoking (Carvajal et…”
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A review of the literature on wellbeing and modifiable dementia risk factors
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“…purpose have each been associated with more persistence in engaging with health-adaptive behaviors, greater avoidance of unhealthy habits, and the ability to persist in goal-directed behaviors (Carvajal et al., 2000; Kelloniemi et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2020; Morimoto et al., 2018; Steptoe, 2019).”
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“Individuals with healthier lifestyles are more likely to have an optimistic cognitive bias compared to those with less healthy behaviors [20], and thus may be predisposed to believe DS are efficacious and safe.”
BackgroundOptimism and cardiovascular health among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
Sims, M., Glover, L. M., Norwood, A. F., Jordan, C., Min, Y.-I., Brewer, L. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105826 · Cited by 35
“, 2007) diet (Kelloniemi et al., 2005), and smoking (Niemec et al.”
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“For instance, the proportion of current smokers was higher among the pessimists than among the optimists in young Finnish adults [27].”
BackgroundResultOptimism, pessimism and bias in self‐reported body weight among older adults
Sutin, A. R. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20447 · Cited by 29
“For example, they tend to have behavioral patterns that are conducive to weight gain, including unhealthy diets and alcohol consumption (18).”
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“However, most studies show that happiness is more correlated with lower levels of alcohol consumption among adults (Murphy et al. 2005; Kelloniemi et al. 2005).”
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“, when adding sociodemographic factors to an age-adjusted model, a 1-SD change in optimism went from 6% to 3% greater likelihood of having healthy blood pressure levels), but are consistent with findings from past research on CVH (15) and research specific to the individual components of CVH (41).”
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“No marked differences were found in the consumption of junk food.(12) Psychological stress and socioeconomic status (SES) are”
BackgroundOsibogun, O. I., Ogunmoroti, O., Spatz, E. S., Burke, G. L., & Michos, E. D. (2018) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22995 · Cited by 25
Effect of Positive Well-Being on Incidence of Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease
Yanek, L. R., Kral, B. G., Moy, T. F., Vaidya, D. M., Lazo, M., Becker, L. C., & Becker, D. M. (2013) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.055 · Cited by 25
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An examination of dyadic changes in optimism and physical health over time.
Chopik, W. J., Kim, E. S., & Smith, J. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000549 · Cited by 23
Ait-hadad, W., Bénard, M., Shankland, R., Kesse-Guyot, E., Robert, M., Touvier, M., Hercberg, S., Buscail, C., & Péneau, S. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-0522-7 · Cited by 28
The Role of Dispositional Optimism in Physical and Mental Well-Being
Ottenheim, N. R., van der Mast, R. C., Zitman, F. G., & Giltay, E. J. (2012) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4963-4_9 · Cited by 25
“A Finnish cross-sectional study showed that higher optimism scores were positively associated with higher consumption of fresh vegetables or salads, berries, fruit, low-fat cheese, and salad dressing (Kelloniemi et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialReprint of: Positive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Disease
Kubzansky, L. D., Huffman, J. C., Boehm, J. K., Hernández, R., Kim, E. S., Koga, H. K., Feig, E. H., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Seligman, M. E. P., & Labarthe, D. R. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.023 · Cited by 21
“Findings are more equivocal for a healthy BMI, with protective associations suggested by crosssectional studies but inconsistent results from prospective studies (39,40).”
BackgroundResultEvans, J. R., Torres-Pérez, J. V., Petrazzini, M. E. M., Riley, R. J., & Brennan, C. H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79615-1 · Cited by 22
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“…that optimism is related to health behavior and health behavior outcomes, such as successful completion of interventions (e.g., Milam et al. 2004; Strack et al. 1987), healthy dietary habits (e.g., Kelloniemi et al. 2005; Schroder and Schwarzer 2005), and weight loss (Shepperd et al. 1996).”
BackgroundAnger expression styles and blood pressure: evidence for different pathways
Igna, C. V., Julkunen, J., & Vanhanen, H. T. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832f4f8f · Cited by 18
Ogunmoroti, O., Utuama, O. A., Salami, J., Elizondo, J. V., Spatz, E. S., Rouseff, M., Parris, D., Das, S., Guzmán, H., Agatston, A. S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx140 · Cited by 18
Pänkäläinen, M., Fogelholm, M., Valve, R., Kampman, O., Kauppi, M. J., Lappalainen, E., & Hintikka, J. (2018) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0400-8 · Cited by 18
Dietary patterns and mental health after myocardial infarction
Ottenheim, N. R., Kromhout, D., Sijtsma, F. P. C., Geleijnse, J. M., & Giltay, E. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186368 · Cited by 19
“Regarding the association between dietary patterns and optimism, our results were concordant with those of an earlier study among a younger, population-based sample [21, 22], postmenopausal women [24], women with fibromyalgia [25], and older men [23].”
BackgroundMethodResultRamsay, J. E., Yang, F., Pang, J. S., Lai, C. M., Ho, R., & Mak, K. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105313504441 · Cited by 21
“In a sample of healthy adults, optimism was positively related to healthier dietary habits and negatively related to smoking (Kelloniemi et al., 2005).”
Backgroundvan de Rest, O., de Goede, J., Sytsma, F., Griep, L. M. O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kromhout, D., & Giltay, E. J. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509993308 · Cited by 17
“Dispositional optimism is defined in terms of generalised positive expectancies for one’s future((14)) and has been associated with more healthy dietary and other lifestyle habits((15,16)) and also with less cardiovascular mortality((17)).”
BackgroundCan Optimism Decrease the Risk of Illness and Disease Among the Elderly?
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Kim, E. S. (2012) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.11.81 · Cited by 16
Robert, M., Buscail, C., Allès, B., Shankland, R., Tavolacci, M., Déchelotte, P., Courtois, F., Ait‐hadad, W., Andreeva, V. A., Touvier, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23347 · Cited by 15
“Optimistic individuals have been shown to be more likely to display healthier behaviors (31,57) such as smoking less (3,9), being more physically active (3,11), and having a healthier diet (9,10).”
InfluentialChen, T. (2011) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.045 · Cited by 15
Development of a Positive Psychology Intervention for Patients with Acute Cardiovascular Disease
Huffman, J. C., Mastromauro, C. A., Boehm, J. K., Seabrook, R. C., Fricchione, G. L., Denninger, J. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2011) · Heart International · doi:10.4081/hi.2011.e13a · Cited by 17
An exploratory mixed methods analysis of adherence predictors following acute coronary syndrome
Huffman, J. C., Moore, S. V., DuBois, C. M., Mastromauro, C. A., Suarez, L. S. K., & Park, E. R. (2014) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.989531 · Cited by 13
Carrillo, A., Feig, E. H., Harnedy, L. E., Huffman, J. C., Park, E. R., Thorndike, A. N., Kim, S., & Millstein, R. A. (2022) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029211055264 · Cited by 12
“Optimism, in particular, has received special attention with regard to this topic, and it has been found that this construct is associated with the consumption of healthier food (Aithadad et al., 2020; Boehm et al., 2018; Hingle et al., 2014; Kelloniemi et al., 2005).”
BackgroundRadavelli‐Bagatini, S., Sim, M., Blekkenhorst, L. C., Bondonno, N. P., Bondonno, C. P., Woodman, R. J., Dickson, J. M., Magliano, D. J., Shaw, J. E., Daly, R. M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02848-5 · Cited by 12
Karhu, J., Hintsanen, M., Ek, E., Koskela, J., & Veijola, J. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111710 · Cited by 11
Self-citationAnsari, H., Khammarnia, M., Okati‐Aliabad, H., Fakhrrahimi, S., Mahdavifar, N., Mohammadian, M., Yousefzadeh, A., Mohammadbeigi, A., Mohammadi, Y., & Tirgarfakheri, K. (2019) · Health Scope · doi:10.5812/jhealthscope.89282 · Cited by 11
“Generally, positive performance is related to health behaviors (2, 5).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhao, F., Suhonen, R., Katajisto, J., & Leino‐Kilpi, H. (2019) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.379 · Cited by 13
“Optimism has been shown to possibly associate with health be‐ haviour in young adults (Kelloniemi et al., 2005) and older adults (Steptoe, Wright, Kunz‐Ebrecht, & Iliffe, 2006; Barnett & Anderson 2019).”
BackgroundThe Role of Optimism Regarding Nutrition and Health Behavior
Soliah, L. (2010) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827610378341 · Cited by 13
“Perhaps optimism is associated with a sense of mastery over one’s eating behaviors and the ability of a person to be responsive to health and weight-related interventions.(11) Conditions That Predict Successful Changes in Dietary Habits”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDietary intake and characteristics in persons with multiple sclerosis
Venasse, M., Gauthier, A., Giroux, I., & Pilutti, L. A. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103237 · Cited by 10
Association of pessimism with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality
Krittanawong, C., Maitra, N. S., Khawaja, M., Wang, Z., Fogg, S. E., Rozenkrantz, L., Virani, S. S., Levin, M., Storch, E. A., Tobler, P. N., et al. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.018 · Cited by 11
Herráiz-Adillo, Á., Ahlqvist, V. H., Daka, B., Wångdahl, J. M., Wennberg, P., Carlsson, J., Higueras‐Fresnillo, S., Lenander, C., Östgren, C. J., Berglind, D., et al. (2024) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03580-1 · Cited by 11
Serlachius, A. S., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Juonala, M., Sabin, M. A., Lehtimäki, T. J., Raitakari, O. T., & Elovainio, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.006 · Cited by 10
“Optimism has shown to positively associate with a healthy diet and a low body mass index (BMI) in a population-based study of young adults [6], and with healthy behaviours including increased physical activity and eating a healthier diet in elderly men [7].”
BackgroundOura, P., AUVINEN, J. P., Paananen, M., Junno, J., Niinimäki, J. L., Karppinen, J. I., & Nurkkala, M. (2019) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-019-04843-9 · Cited by 10
Hankonen, N. E. (2011) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 10
Barnhart, C. E., McClymont, K. M., Smith, A., Au‐Yeung, A., & Lee, S. J. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0199-0 · Cited by 9
“A second notable finding was the relationship between NH residents’ attitude and engagement in their own care [18–21].”
BackgroundPersonality, well-being and job resources : from negative paradigm towards positive psychology
Mäkikangas, A. (2007) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 9
Recursos psicosociales positivos y salud cardiovascular
Nitsche, M. P., Marcela Bitran, C., Nuria Pedrals, G., Echeverría, G., & Rigotti, A. (2014) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872014001000012 · Cited by 9
Hernández, R., Daviglus, M. L., Martinez, L., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Huffman, J. C., Ramirez, F., Tito, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100348 · Cited by 10
Associations between optimism, tobacco smoking and substanceabuse among Iranian high school students
Marin, S., Heshmatian, E., Nadrian, H., Fakhari, A., & Mohammadpourasl, A. (2019) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2019.38 · Cited by 8
Bazo‐Alvarez, J. C., Peralta-Álvarez, F., Bernabé‐Ortiz, A., Alvarado, G. F., & Miranda, J. J. (2016) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0130-7 · Cited by 6
“sults indicating that the proportion of current smokers was higher among pessimists than among optimists [29].”
BackgroundKokthi, E., Miftari, I., Hasani, A., Tili, I., & Basha, A. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-02466-1 · Cited by 6
“Despite the negative consequences, adolescents continue to consume fast food, suggesting that positive attitudes may reflect automatic, emotion-driven decisions rather than deliberate choices [39, 62, 65, 69].”
O’Keefe, E. L., Lavie, C. J., & Kachur, S. M. (2020) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_32_20 · Cited by 5
Feig, E. H., Healy, B. C., Celano, C. M., Nikrahan, G. R., Moskowitz, J. T., & Huffman, J. C. (2019) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v9i2.795 · Cited by 5
Kargakou, A., Sachlas, A., Lyrakos, G. N., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., & Gil, A. P. R. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56246-9_4 · Cited by 6
Schiavon, C. C., Marchetti, E., Ayala, F. O., Loewe, G., Bauer, J., Busnello, F. M., & Reppold, C. T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236693 · Cited by 4
“One of the mediating factors of this association was healthy eating habits [23].”
BackgroundYokokawa, Y., Sone, T., Matsuyama, S., Lu, Y., Sugawara, Y., Fukao, A., & Tsuji, I. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20210493 · Cited by 4
“36,37 On the other hand, shorter desired longevity could be associated with negative a ff ectivity, which is known to increase the risk of mortality.”
Szabó, K., & Piko, B. F. (2018) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2018.31194 · Cited by 4
“Az optimizmus/pesszimizmus is szerepet játszik az egészséges táplálkozás fenntartásában: az egészségesebb ételeket fogyasztók inkább optimisták voltak [19].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kelloniemi, H., Ek, E., & Laitinen, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Kelloniemi, Heini
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 169-176
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996726989
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- optimism, pessimism, dietary habits, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, salad dressing, dietary fiber intake, young adults, health behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude, Diet, Female, Finland, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Sex Factors, Smoking, Vegetables, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior, Body Mass Index
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