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Cited by 259Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHealth, psychology, and well-beingOptimism, Hope, and Well-being

Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions

Open access
Hernandez, Rosalba, Bassett, Sarah M., Boughton, Seth W., Schuette, Stephanie A., Shiu, Eva W., Moskowitz, Judith T.·2018·Emotion Review
DOI 10.1177/1754073917697824PMC PMC9841922
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Abstract

A paradigm shift in public health and medicine has broadened the field from a singular focus on the ill effects of negative states and psychopathology to an expanded view that examines protective psychological assets that may promote improved physical health and longevity. We summarize recent evidence of the link between psychological well-being (including positive affect, optimism, life meaning and purpose, and life satisfaction) and physical health, with particular attention to outcomes of mortality and chronic disease incidence and progression. Within this evolving discipline there remain controversies and lessons to be learned. We discuss measurement-related challenges, concerns about the quality of the evidence, and other shortcomings in the field, along with a brief discussion of hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms involved. Finally, we suggest next steps to move the field forward.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This selective review summarizes prospective evidence (2006 onward) linking psychological well-being—positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, and purpose in life—to physical health outcomes including chronic disease incidence, disease progression, and mortality. The authors argue the field is limited by inconsistent measurement and conceptualization of well-being, and call for randomized interventions to establish causality.

Key findings

  • Well-being is associated with lower chronic disease incidence: in EPIC-Germany (~28,704 women), low life satisfaction was linked to 45% increased cancer risk, 69% for stroke, and 27% for diabetes; in 1,739 Nova Scotians, each unit increase in staff-coded positive affect was associated with 22% reduced odds of a cardiac event over 10 years.
  • Eudaimonic and blended constructs also show protective effects: a meta-analysis of 10 studies found life purpose associated with lower CVD risk (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75–0.92); ikigai was linked to lower breast cancer odds (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47–0.94) in 34,497 Japanese women; in ELSA (8,182 older adults), each SD increase in well-being was associated with reduced arthritis (HR = 0.89), diabetes (HR = 0.82), and lung disease (HR = 0.80).
  • In disease progression, each 1-SD increase in well-being was associated with 11% reduced risk of rehospitalization or mortality in cardiac patients (meta-analysis of 11 studies); in 995 women with HIV, high positive affect was associated with twice the likelihood of undetectable viral load (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.74).
  • For longevity, purpose in life remained significant when hedonic well-being was included in the same model (MIDUS, N = 6,163), and daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect predicted higher mortality over 10 years (181 men, VA Normative Aging Study); some effects attenuated when health behaviors and self-rated health were controlled.

Methods

  • Selective review of prospective evidence published 2006 onward, restricted to studies with objective health measures and those illuminating potential differential effects across well-being subtypes.
  • Well-being organized into hedonic (pleasure, happiness, positive affect, life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (life meaning, purpose, self-actualization, autonomy) domains, plus blended constructs (optimism, hope, vitality); studies summarized in Table 1 and supplementary Table 2.
  • Narrative synthesis across three outcome areas: disease onset in healthy samples, disease progression in clinical samples, and mortality/longevity, with attention to covariates and hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: lack of consistency in defining and sorting well-being domains (e.g., optimism variously cataloged as eudaimonic or blended); rare simultaneous inclusion of multiple well-being types in a single model; eudaimonic aspects greatly neglected; overreliance on secondary data with narrow, sometimes dubious well-being measures; and predominance of observational designs that cannot establish causality.
  • Stated by the paper: controversy over whether statistically controlling for hypothesized mediators (e.g., health behaviors) constitutes over-adjustment, potentially obscuring real effects.
  • Evident from the text: the review is explicitly selective rather than systematic, and the authors note it is premature to infer differential health effects across well-being subdomains given heterogeneity in constructs and disease states.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1754073917697824

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 72 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    Eudaimonic interventions produce more long-term mental health improvements than hedonic interventions.

    “In experimental trials, more long-term and enduring improvements in mental health are documented for interventions seeking to boost eudaimonic well-being versus those emphasizing pursuit of hedonia”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Huta & Ryan, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    In follow-up analyses, only vigor and well-being, not calm, protected against cold development.

    “only vigor and well-being, but not calm, were protective against development of a cold”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cohen et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    Correlations across well-being domains ranged from 0.13 to 0.62.

    “correlation coefficients (r’s) across well-being domains ranged from as low as 0.13 to moderate values of 0.62.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keyes et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    In the Rotterdam cohort (N=6,349), self-reported positive affect did not predict incident cardiovascular disease over 11.9 years.

    “self-reported positive affect (i.e., positive affect items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)) was not predictive of incident cardiovascular disease (stoke, heart failure, CHD) over an 11.9-year follow-up period”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Freak-Poli et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    Eudaimonia is associated with more favorable psychological functioning and overall well-being than hedonic indices.

    “when compared to hedonic indices, eudaimonia is associated with more favorable psychological functioning and overall well-being”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Steger, Kashdan, & Oishi, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
  • May combine two claims. 34
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Hedonic well-being is linked to acquiring core desires and focuses on present circumstances.

    “Baumeister and colleagues (2013) found that hedonic well-being is linked to acquisition of core desires (both needs and wants) and focuses largely on present moment circumstances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baumeister et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Women with low life satisfaction had increased risk of cancer (45%), stroke (69%), and diabetes (27%), adjusting for lifestyle, demographic, and CVD risk factors.

    “Women reporting low levels of life satisfaction had a 45% increased risk of cancer, 69% for stroke incidence, and 27% for diabetes mellitus; covariates considered included lifestyle factors, demographic characteristics, and traditional CVD risk factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feller et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Eudaimonic well-being involves cognitive appraisals over past, present, future, emphasizing self-actualization and generosity.

    “eudaimonic well-being involves cognitive appraisals across a larger timeframe, incorporating past, present, and future experiences with emphasis on actualization of the self and exercising of generosity toward others”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vallacher & Wegner, 1987

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    In 25,964 Norwegian adults, blended happiness/optimism was associated with 40% lower risk of incident venous thromboembolism, controlling for socio-demographic, behavioral, biologic, and medical comorbidities.

    “a blended construct of well-being capturing levels of happiness and optimism was associated with a 40% risk reduction for incident venous thromboembolism”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Enga, Braekkan, Hansen-Krone, & Hansen, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In ELSA (8,182 older adults), each SD increase in blended psychological well-being was associated with reduced incidence of arthritis (HR=0.89), diabetes (HR=0.82), and lung disease (HR=0.80), after controlling for socio-demographic, depressive symptoms, BMI, health behavior.

    “After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, BMI, and health behavior adherence, each SD increase in psychological well-being was associated with reduced incidence of arthritis (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83–0.96), diabetes (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71–0.95), and lung disease (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66–0.97).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Okely & Gale, 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In stable CHD patients, positive affect was not significantly associated with incident CVD event, but each SD increase reduced all-cause mortality risk by 16%, adjusting for depression, disease severity, health behaviors, biomarkers.

    “The hedonic indicator of positive affect (PANAS) was not significantly associated with incidence of a CVD event. However, each SD increase in positive affect reduced risk of all-cause mortality by 16%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hoen et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 995 women in Women's Interagency HIV Study, high positive affect compared to low was associated with twice the likelihood of undetectable viral load (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.34-2.74), particularly with low negative affect.

    “women with high positive affect (when compared to those with low positive affect scores) were twice as likely to have undetectable viral load classifications (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.74), particularly when accompanied by low negative affect profiles”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wilson et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Greater life satisfaction and emotional vitality, but not optimism, were associated with lower odds of diabetes onset.

    “Researchers observed lower odds for diabetes onset among individuals with greater life satisfaction and emotional vitality, but not in those with greater levels of optimism”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boehm, Trudel-Fitzgerald, Kivimaki, & Kubzansky, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In meta-analysis of 11 studies, positive psychological constructs conferred protective effect on rehospitalization and mortality among cardiac patients; each 1-SD increase in well-being associated with 11% reduced risk.

    “In a meta-analysis of 11 total studies, DuBois et al. (2015) found multiple positive psychological constructs (e.g., positive affect, optimism) to confer a protective effect on rates of rehospitalization and mortality among cardiac patients. Each 1-SD increase in psychological well-being was associated with an 11% reduced risk for either re-hospitalization or mortality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DuBois et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In representative German sample, life satisfaction and positive affect independently predicted lower mortality risk, whereas negative affect did not predict mortality.

    “Wiest and colleagues (2011) demonstrated that both life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993) and positive affect (the PANAS, (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988)) independently predict lowered risk of mortality, whereas negative affect was not predictive of mortality in any of the models.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wiest et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 181 men aged 58-88, daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect were associated with higher mortality risk over 10 years, controlling for age, pain, physical symptoms, extraversion, neuroticism, daily stress frequency; negative affect reactivity was not predictive.

    “the daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect were associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality over the follow up period. Negative affect reactivity was not predictive of mortality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mroczek et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In Whitehall II (7,792), each SD increase in emotional vitality was associated with 11% lower CHD risk and higher baseline optimism with 13% lower CHD over 5 years.

    “there was an 11% reduction in CHD risk with each SD increase in emotional vitality and a 13% decrease in CHD associated with higher levels of baseline optimism”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boehm, Peterson, Kivimaki, & Kubzansky, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Eudaimonic components like growth and purpose have received less study.

    “Less work has been done examining eudaimonic components and future studies will want to consider domains such as personal growth and life purpose and meaning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Optimism is sometimes classified as eudaimonic and sometimes as a blended hedonic-eudaimonic construct.

    “optimism is sometimes cataloged as a eudaimonic domain and at others times identified as a blended construct encompassing both hedonic and eudaimonic elements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    There is controversy over whether controlling for potential mediators constitutes over-adjustment.

    “There remains controversy as to whether this constitutes over-adjustment”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Optimism has been studied heavily and stands out as protective for physical health.

    “To date, optimism has received substantial focus and emerges as a salient factor for physical health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Eudaimonic well-being is associated with decreased expression of inflammation genes and increased expression of antiviral response genes.

    “eudaimonic well-being was associated with decreased expression of genes involved in inflammation and increased expression in genes associated with antiviral response”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning

    Measurement practice varies: some use domain-pure scales, others combine several domains into one score.

    “while others create composite scores that blend multiple domains into a single well-being component.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Few samples test multiple well-being types at once, so differential effects are hard to establish.

    “it is exceedingly rare for individual well-being types to be considered simultaneously within a single sample, negating the ability to determine whether differential effects are evident for individual attributes of well-being”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Cohort surveys typically cover few well-being domains and often measure them only once.

    “survey data from large cohort studies often include a narrow collection of well-being domains and often only assesses these on one occasion and not across multiple waves.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Across 51 trials and more than 4000 participants, positive psychology interventions boosted positive affect/well-being and lowered depression in largely healthy samples.

    “Tested in over 4000 subjects across 51 clinical trials, positive psychology-based interventions show effectiveness in amplifying positive affect and psychological well-being and have significantly led to reduced symptoms of depression in heterogeneous samples of mostly healthy adults (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    In healthy and chronically ill groups, better well-being is tied to more exercise, less smoking, better diet, and medication adherence.

    “In both healthy populations and those with existing chronic illness, evidence links favorable psychological well-being with enhanced exercise regularity, smoking abstinence”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hedonic well-being arises from obtaining basic biological needs and resources for homeostasis, comfort, survival.

    “Hedonic well-being is said to emerge from procurement of basic biologic requisites and securing of resources to ensure attainment of homeostasis, comfort, and survival”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baumeister et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive and negative emotions process in different brain regions, allowing simultaneous activation.

    “positive and negative emotions are said to process from different brain regions allowing for their simultaneous activation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoebel, Rada, Mark, & Pothos, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Larsen et al., 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Eudaimonic well-being origins are more complex and largely culturally dictated.

    “The origins of eudaimonic well-being are thought to be more complex and are largely dictated by cultural context”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baumeister et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being are correlated but empirically distinct, with different predictors and consequences.

    “there is evidence that while hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being are correlated, they diverge and map onto empirically distinct planes, with different predictors and consequences”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Well-being constructs that repeatedly offset disease onset were positive affect (especially high activation), emotional vitality, and life satisfaction, with less consistent results for optimism and blended constructs.

    “Well-being constructs that repeatedly offset disease onset were positive affect (particularly high activation subtypes), emotional vitality and life satisfaction, with less consistent results seen for optimism and constructs that blend across domains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Majority of available evidence points to a salubrious effect of well-being for cardiometabolic health and cancer incidence; lung disease and arthritis less studied.

    “In studies reported thus far, a majority of available evidence points to a salubrious effect of well-being for cardiometabolic health, e.g., diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and CHD, and cancer incidence. Lung disease and arthritis have been less studied.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Optimism is a consistent predictor of cardiovascular health but less consistent for other disease types such as HIV and cancer.

    “optimism emerges as a consistent predictor of cardiovascular health, but displays less consistent results for other disease types, e.g., HIV and cancer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Influences of hedonic well-being are often attenuated when controlling for ill-being in patient populations with pre-existing disease, while eudaimonic subtypes are understudied.

    “influences of hedonic domains of well-being are often attenuated when controlling for ill-being in patient populations with pre-existing disease, while investigation of protective effects imparted by eudaimonic subtypes are grossly understudied.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Negative emotions serve important adaptive functions and at sustained or extreme levels, particularly when leading to psychopathology, need direct attention.

    “Clearly negative emotions serve important adaptive functions and at sustained or extreme levels--particularly those leading to psychopathology, they need to be addressed directly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tsai and colleagues found that people distinguish arousal levels of positive affect and value them differently; high-arousal positive affect is more valued in the US and Europe, low arousal in Asia.

    “In the United States and Europe, high-arousal positive affect is often more valued, whereas in Asia, low arousal is often more valued.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tsai and colleagues (2006)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Among more than 700,000 women, happiness predicted lower death from any cause when only age was adjusted.

    “was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in a model that controlled for age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    In the diabetes study, well-being indicators were not pitted against each other in regression models, limiting ability to infer individual effects.

    “note, well-being indicators were not pitted against each other in regression models negating ability to infer individual effects for each attribute controlling for rival indicators”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Suls (2017)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gratitude decreased well-being among South Koreans, associated with guilt and indebtedness.

    “decreased well-being among South Koreans (Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Observational evidence cannot settle causality or exclude unmeasured confounding.

    “Observational studies do not provide definitive information regarding the direction of causality and the influence of potential unmeasured variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive psychology interventions reduced depression in women with metastatic breast cancer and people with type 2 diabetes.

    “reduced depression in women with metastatic breast cancer (Cheung et al., 2016) and people with type 2 diabetes (Cohn, Pietrucha, Saslow, Hult, & Moskowitz, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cohn, Pietrucha, Saslow, Hult, & Moskowitz, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In newly diagnosed HIV patients, a positive affect intervention improved well-being, reduced ill-being, and improved physical health including viral suppression relative to an attention control.

    “A recently completed study of a positive affect intervention in people newly diagnosed with HIV demonstrated improvements in psychological well-being, decreases in psychological ill being, and improvements in physical health (e.g., suppressed viral load) compared to an attention-matched control condition (Moskowitz et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moskowitz et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    In the Ickovics study, authors did not report whether individual types of well-being differentially predicted disease progression or mortality.

    “The authors did not report whether the individual types of well-being were differentially predictive of disease progression or mortality on their own.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Investigators are limited to a few well-being measures, some with dubious psychometric properties, and cannot examine individual effects while controlling for competing well-being domains.

    “Investigators are then limited to a handful of well-being measures--some with dubious psychometric properties--without the ability to examine individual effects while controlling for other important or competing well-being domains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Those two studies imply that well-being could influence health via better health practices and social support.

    “The findings of Nilsson et al. (2011) and Wiest et al. (2011) suggest that well-being may exert health effects through improved health behaviors and aspects of social support.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hernandez et al. concluded that interventions for Hispanic/Latino adults may require tailoring toward interpersonal and religious/spiritual elements.

    “Hernandez et al. (2015) recently explored the conception of well-being in US Hispanic/Latino adults and conclude that programs aimed at increasing well-being may need to be adapted before administration in Hispanics/Latinos to include a heightened”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hernandez et al. (2015)

      Not checked in the free run.

42 of 42

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There is a close link between psychological well-being and physical health.

    “This is surprising given the prevalence of social media in daily lives, and the close link between psychological well-being and physical health.10”

    From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [10]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 91 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Diener E., Pressman S. D., Lyubomirsky S. (2015, December 17). Can 1 million women be wrong about happiness and health? Los Angeles Times, p. A21.
  2. Suls J. (2018). Toxic affect: Are anger, anxiety, and depression independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease? EMR, 10: (1), 6–17.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T.
Affiliations
  • School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
  • Northwestern University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Emotion Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2017-10-20
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
18-29
ISSN
  • 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
  • 1754-0747
DOI
10.1177/1754073917697824
PMC
PMC9841922
OpenAlex
W2766119211
Semantic Scholar
74b39fc60563601c8aaa44cd43f3ad01e4b954ad
Cited by
259
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
FWCI
15.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K01HL130712-01A1)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (K24 MH 093225)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Keywords
psychological well-being, physical health, positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, mortality, chronic disease, biobehavioral mechanisms, measurement challenges

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