Temperature rise and microplastics interact with the toxicity of the antibiotic cefalexin to juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): post-exposure predatory behaviour, acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the toxicity of cefalexin to Pomatoschistus microps juveniles in relation to the presence of microplastics in the water and temperature rise. After acclimatization, groups of wild juveniles were exposed for 96h to artificial salt water (control), microplastics alone (0.184mg/l), cefalexin alone (1.3-10mg/l) and in mixture with microplastics (cefalexin: 1.3-10mg/l; microplastics: 0.184mg/l) at 20 and 25°C. Effect criteria were mortality, post-exposure predatory performance (PEPP), acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and lipid peroxidation levels (LPO). At 20°C, concentrations of cefalexin alone≥5mg/l significantly reduced PEPP (up to 56%; 96h-EC 50=8.4mg/l), indicating toxicity of the antibiotic to juveniles after short-term exposure to water concentrations in the low ppm range. At 20°C, fish exposed to microplastics alone did not have significant differences in any of the parameters tested relative to the control group but tended to have an inhibition of the PEPP (23%) and AChE (21%); at 25°C, microplastics alone caused mortality (33%) and PEPP inhibition (28%). Thus, microplastics are toxic to P. microps juveniles. At 20°C, under simultaneous exposure to cefalexin and microplastics, the PEPP was significantly reduced (at cefalexin concentrations≥1.25mg/l). Moreover, at 25°C, the toxicity curves of cefalexin (PEPP based), alone and in mixture with microplastics, were significantly different (p<0.05; 96h-EC 50 of 3.8 and 5.2mg/l, respectively), and the integrated data analysis indicated significant interactions between the two substances for all biomarkers. Thus, the presence of microplastics in the water influenced the toxicity of cefalexin. The rise of water temperature (from 20°C to 25°C), increased the microplastics-induced mortality (from 8 to 33%), and the inhibitory effects of cefalexin on the PEPP (up to 70%). Significant differences (p<0.05) between the toxicity curves of cefalexin alone at distinct temperatures were found, with a lower 96h-EC 50 at 25°C (3.8mg/l) than at 20°C (8.4mg/l). Moreover, at 25°C, increases of AChE activity (14%) and LPO (72%) in fish exposed to the mixture treatment containing the highest cefalexin concentration were found, and the integrated analysis of data indicated significant interactions between cefalexin and temperature for PEPP, and among all stressors for LPO. Thus, the temperature rise increased the toxicity of microplastics and of cefalexin, alone and in mixture with microplastics, to P. microps juveniles. These findings raise concern on the long-term exposure of wild populations to complex mixtures of pollutants, likely decreasing their fitness, and highlight the need of more research on the combined effects of widely used pharmaceuticals, microplastics and temperature increase on wild species to improve environmental and human risk assessments of chemicals and their safe use under a global warming scenario.
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Fonte et al. (2016) showed a range of effects including neurotoxicity and changes in enzyme activity when the fish P. microps was exposed to PE MPs and the antibiotic celafaxin.
“Fonte et al. (2016) showed a range of effects including neurotoxicity and changes in enzyme activity when the fish P. microps was exposed to PE MPs and the antibiotic celafaxin.”
From Studies of the Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms: What Do We Know and Where Should We Focus Our Efforts in the Future? (2018) · cites this paper as Fonte et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Fonte, E., Ferreira, P., & Guilhermino, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Guilhermino, Lúcia
- Venue
- Aquatic Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 180
- Pages
- 173-185
- ISSN
- 0166-445X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2523478345
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Aquatic Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- plastics, cephalexin, antibiotic toxicity, Pomatoschistus microps, common goby, juvenile fish, temperature rise, acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, combined toxicity, ecotoxicology, biomarkers, marine pollution, climate change, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, biomagnification
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cephalexin, Perciformes, Plastics, Predatory Behavior, Temperature, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Lipid Peroxidation, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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