Biofuels from Microalgae Biomass: A Review of Conversion Processes and Procedures
Open accessAbstract
Achieving the EU 2030 vision of a 15% minimum amount of biofuels utilized in the road transportation require more research on biofuel production from biomass feedstock. To this end, this review study examines the use of green, deep eutectic solvents and direct transesterification approaches for biomass conversion to biofuels. Next, biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of microalgae biomass is presented. Lastly, the effect of operating conditions, as well as advantages and limitations of several biomass conversion techniques are outlined. Of note, this study presents promising microalgae conversion processes which could be progressed are the use of bio-based solvents and supercritical fluids for biodiesel production, hydrothermal liquefaction for biogas production, microwave-induced pyrolysis for syngas production, and ultrasound/microwave enhanced extraction for bio-oil production. These are based on the possibility of high yield and process economics. We have also enumerated knowledge gaps needed to propel future studies.
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The main energy carriers obtained from microalgae include biodiesel produced from the lipids accumulated in their cells, hydrogen produced by photobiological processes, biomethane produced by fermentation processes, and biomass that can be used by pyrolysis, gasification, or direct combustion technologies.
“The main energy carriers obtained from microalgae include biodiesel produced from the lipids accumulated in their cells, hydrogen produced by photobiological processes, biomethane produced by fermentation processes, and biomass that can be used by pyrolysis, gasification, or direct combustion technologies [29-31].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
The Introduction identifies biodiesel, bio-methane and bio-hydrogen as microalgae products, and §2.2 describes bio-methane production through co-fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Sections 2.3–2.4 discuss gasification and pyrolysis of microalgae biomass. Our copy does not substantiate the claimed photobiological route to hydrogen or direct combustion as a use of the biomass (searched: “photobiological” and “direct combustion”). (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Ebhodaghe, S. O., Imanah, O. E., & Ndibe, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Benin (NG)
- Corresponding author
- Ebhodaghe, Samuel Ogbeide
- Imanah, Ojeaga Evans
- Venue
- Arabian Journal of Chemistry
- Publisher
- Scientific Scholar
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103591
- ISSN
- 1878-5352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3216236738
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Arabian Journal of Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- microalgal biomass, biofuels, biodiesel, deep eutectic solvents, green solvents, direct transesterification, co-digestion, biogas, hydrothermal liquefaction, microwave pyrolysis, syngas, ultrasound-assisted extraction, bio-oil, supercritical fluids, bio-based solvents, biofuel production
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