Xanthine oxidoreductase in atherosclerosis pathogenesis: Not only oxidative stress
Open accessAbstract
Endothelial xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) together with NAD(P)H oxidase and nitric oxide (NO) synthase plays a physiologic role in inflammatory signalling, the regulation of NO production and vascular function. The oxidative stress generated by these enzymes may induce endothelial dysfunction, leading to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. XOR activity creates both oxidant and anti-oxidant products that are implicated in the development of hypertension, smoking vascular injury, dyslipidemia and diabetes, which are the main risk factors of atherosclerosis. In particular, uric acid may have a protective as well as a detrimental role in vascular alterations, thus justifying the multi-directional effects of XOR inhibition. Moreover, XOR products are associated with cell differentiation, leading to adipogenesis and foam cell formation, as well as to the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from arterial smooth muscle cells, after proliferation and migration. The role of XOR in adipogenesis is also connected with insulin resistance and obesity, two main features of type 2 diabetes.
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Oxidation of cysteine residues 535 and 992 in rat or bovine XDH or limited proteolysis turns XDH into XO.
“Oxidation of cysteine residues 535 and 992 in rat or bovine XDH or limited proteolysis turns XDH into XO (23, 72, 693, 773, 803, 994).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Battelli, M. G., Polito, L., & Bolognesi, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Battelli, Maria Giulia
- Polito, Letizia
- Bolognesi, Andrea
- Venue
- Atherosclerosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 237
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 562-567
- ISSN
- 0021-9150 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963589394
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Atherosclerosis (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- xanthine oxidoreductase, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, uric acid, NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, inflammation, foam cell formation, adipogenesis, MCP-1, vascular smooth muscle cells, insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Hypertension, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Oxidation-Reduction, Uric Acid, Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Oxidants, Adipocytes, Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Syndrome, Hyperuricemia, Diabetes Complications, Atherosclerosis, Mice
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