Autoimmunity in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: Current understanding
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of autoimmunity in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). In recent years, investigators have described an increased rate of co-morbid autoimmune disease, and the presence of several neural receptor autoantibodies and non-specific autoimmune markers in POTS. Case reports on the efficacy of immunotherapy in highly selected POTS patients continue to appear in the literature, while no prospective clinical trials have occurred to date. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on the role of autoimmunity in POTS, the clinical implications of these findings, and prospects for future research.
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Antibodies against GPCRs have been linked to a number of conditions, including POTS.
“Antibodies against GPCRs have been linked to a number of conditions, including POTS (Luft, 2013”
From Self-reported symptom burden in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): A narrative review of observational and interventional studies (2023) · cites this paper as Vernino and Stiles, 2018
POTS patients and their close relatives have a higher than expected prevalence of autoimmune disorders including celiac disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
“POTS patients (Vernino and Stiles, 2018) and their close relatives (Boris et al., 2020; Shaw et al., 2019) have a higher than expected prevalence of autoimmune disorders including celiac disease (Penny et al., 2016), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (Blitshteyn, 2015), Sjögren’s syndrome (Goodman et al., 2017), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Tang et al., 2004).”
From Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): State of the science and clinical care from a 2019 National Institutes of Health Expert Consensus Meeting - Part 1 (2021) · cites this paper as Vernino and Stiles, 2018
Serum immunoglobulins isolated from POTS patients act as partial agonists to both α- and β-adrenergic receptors in vitro, a finding independently confirmed and expanded to a wider range of G-protein coupled receptors.
“Serum immunoglobulins isolated from POTS patients have been reported to act as partial agonists to both α- and β-adrenergic receptors in vitro (Fedorowski et al., 2017; Li et al., 2014), a finding independently confirmed by several other groups (Vernino and Stiles, 2018) and expanded to include a wider range of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) as targets (Kharraziha et al., 2020).”
From Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): State of the science and clinical care from a 2019 National Institutes of Health Expert Consensus Meeting - Part 1 (2021) · cites this paper as Vernino and Stiles, 2018
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Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management
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“It has previously been documented that viral infections can trigger postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.(10) The pathophysiological mechanism in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome remains elusive but there is evidence of autoimmunity, that is, autoantibodies activating adrenergic and muscarinic receptors;…”
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“There is recent and increasing evidence both on measurement of antibody levels and in response to immunotherapy that autoimmune mechanisms may be causative or contributory (Al-Ansari & Robertson, 2021; Gunning et al., 2019; Vernino & Stiles, 2018; Watari et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAutoimmunity in Long Covid and POTS
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“However, autoantibodies against GPCRs are not novel and they are described across a wide state of conditions in diseases ranging from SS to peripartum cardiomyopathy [82].”
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“On the basis of studies of plasma autoantibodies to adrenergic receptors, the orthostatic tachycardia in patients with POTS is probably attributable to the direct stimulatory effect of cardiac receptor-activating autoimmune antibodies on sinus rhythm control or to a compensatory response to the excessive vasodilation…”
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Self-citationPostural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): An Update for Clinical Practice.
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Adrenergic Autoantibody‐Induced Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Rabbits
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“The potential role of autoimmunity in POTS has gained increased attention in recent years.(8,9) Many patients with POTS report a viral illness or vaccination antedating the onset of their POTS symptoms, suggesting a possible autoimmune cause for POTS in some patients.”
BackgroundAutoimmune Autonomic Disorders
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“Autoimmunity has an important role in the pathophysiology of post-viral POTS, as supported by recent evidence [124].”
BackgroundVernino, S. A., Hopkins, S., Bryarly, M. A., Hernandez, R. S., & Salter, A. R. (2024) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-024-01020-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Other characteristics suggesting an autoimmune cause of POTS include subacute onset following infection, physical injury, immunization or surgery, a personal or family history of autoimmune disease, or laboratory evidence of autoimmunity [4,5].”
InfluentialSelf-citationHow We Treat Autoimmune Small Fiber Polyneuropathy with Immunoglobulin Therapy
Schofield, J. R., & Chémali, K. R. (2018) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000498858 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management
Chen, G.-Z., Du, J.-B., Jin, H.-F., & Huang, Y.-Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00474 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Observational case series of postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) in post-COVID-19 patients
Gall, N. P., James, S., & Kavi, L. (2022) · British Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.5837/bjc.2022.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Long-COVID autonomic syndrome in hospitalized patients: A one-year prospective cohort study
Rigo, S., Barbic, F., Khalaf, K., Bisoglio, A., Pani, M., Minonzio, M., Rinaldi, L., Ciccarelli, M., Bordoni, M. G., Verzeletti, P., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2023.08.018 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Kell, D. B., Khan, A., Kane, B., Lip, G. Y. H., & Pretorius, E. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14020170 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stavılecı, B., Özdemir, E., Özdemir, B., Ereren, E., & Cengız, M. (2022) · Journal of Electrocardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2022.02.012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“It has been previously documented that viral infections can trigger postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome [26].”
BackgroundRe: ‘Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms’ by Davido et al.
Miglis, M. G., Goodman, B. P., Chémali, K. R., & Stiles, L. E. (2020) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.028 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In addition, postviral autonomic impairment may have an autoimmune basis and in some cases is amendable to immunotherapy [4,5].”
Self-citationPost-COVID Syndrome and Tachycardia: Theoretical Base and Treatment Experience
Podzolkov, V. I., Bragina, A. E., Tarzimanova, A. I., Васильева, Л. В., Batrakova, E. P., Lobova, N. V., Bykova, E. E., & Khachuroeva, M. M. (2021) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2021-04-08 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“One broad call has been to improve the understanding of different POTS aetiologies (3), reflected in increasing research into autoimmunity and mast cell activation disorder (34-36).”
BackgroundZhang, Q., Xu, B., & Du, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00525 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Björnson, M., Wijnbladh, K., Törnberg, A., Svensson‐Raskh, A., Svensson, A., Ståhlberg, M., Runold, M., Fedorowski, A., Nygren‐Bonnier, M., & Bruchfeld, J. (2025) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.124.013629 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“It is associated with symptoms of lightheadedness, fatigue, blurred vision and exaggerated increase in heart rate while standing, in the absence of orthostatic hypotension [1,2].”
BackgroundGanglionic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Bryarly, M. A., Raj, S. R., Phillips, L. T., Hynan, L. S., Okamoto, L. E., Arnold, A. C., Paranjape, S. Y., Vernino, M., Black, B. K., & Vernino, S. A. (2021) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000001047 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The cause of POTS is likely multifactorial, and autoimmunity is believed to play a role in some patients with subacute onset after infection, physical injury, immunization or surgery, a personal or family history of autoimmune disease, or laboratory evidence of autoimmunity.(4,5)”
BackgroundSelf-citationGunning, W., Kramer, P. M., Cichocki, J. A., Karabin, B., Khuder, S., & Grubb, B. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11050774 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Wafa, S. E. I., Chahal, C. A. A., Sawatari, H., Khanji, M. Y., Khan, H., Asatryan, B., Ahmed, R., Deshpande, S. A., Providencia, R. A., Deshmukh, A. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.024939 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Deng, J., Li, H., Guo, Y., Zhang, G., Fischer, H., Stavrakis, S., & Yu, X. (2022) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-022-01144-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“These observations have led investigators to suspect the potential involvement of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of POTS [5, 6].”
BackgroundCabral-Marques, O., Schimke, L. F., Moll, G., Filgueiras, I. S., Nóbile, A. L., Adri, A. S., do Vale, F. Y. N., Usuda, J. N., Corrêa, Y. L. G., Albuquerque, D., et al. (2025) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103855 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Moreover, Vernino and Stiles [59] provided a comprehensive overview of the autoimmune landscape in POTS, noting the increased frequency of neural receptor autoantibodies (e.g., ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibodies) and the co-occurrence of small fiber neuropathy in many patients, which may…”
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and post-acute COVID-19
Amekran, Y., Damoun, N., & Hangouche, A. J. E. (2022) · Global Cardiology Science and Practice · doi:10.21542/gcsp.2022.13 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The most commonly associated symptoms include fatigue, nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, palpitations, chest pain and exercise intolerance [8, 10, 11].”
BackgroundSpahic, J. M., Ricci, F., Aung, N., Hallengren, E., Axelsson, J., Hamrefors, V., Melander, O., Sutton, R., & Fedorowski, A. (2020) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-020-01465-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Afrin, L. B., Dempsey, T. T., & Weinstock, L. B. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10010127 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Autoimmunity and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: Implications in diagnosis and management
Aboseif, A., Bireley, J. D., Li, Y., Polston, D. W., & Abbatemarco, J. (2023) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.90a.22093 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…conditions such as inappropriate sinus tachycardia, complex regional pain syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome, and are thus nonspecifi c. 25 Specifi c antibodies in this class include those directed against alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, beta-1 adrenergic receptor, and beta-2 adrenergic…”
BackgroundChildren With PANS May Manifest POTS
Chan, A. L., Gao, J., Houston, M., Willett, T. A., Farhadian, B., Silverman, M. A., Tran, P., Jaradeh, S. S., Thienemann, M., & Frankovich, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.819636 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pitarokoili, K., Maier, A., Rubio, E. D. M., Hahn, K., Wallukat, G., Athanasopoulos, D., Grüter, T., Motte, J., Fisse, A. L., & Gold, R. (2021) · Journal of Translational Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100112 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Zhao, S. Z., & Tran, V. H. (2020) · StatPearls · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yaxley, K. L. (2020) · SAGE Open Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1177/2050313x20915413 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Implications of Antimuscarinic Autoantibodies in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Li, H., Zhang, G., Forsythe, E., Okamoto, L. E., & Yu, X. (2021) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-021-10167-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sunami, Y., Sugaya, K., Miyakoshi, N., Iwazaki, O., & Takahashi, K. (2022) · Immunologic research · doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09256-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Human leukocyte antigen associations in postural tachycardia syndrome
Shin, Y., Moon, J., Kim, T., Kim, D., Chang, H., Jun, J., Lee, S., Jung, K., Park, K., Jung, K., et al. (2019) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.766 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“, female predominance, preceding viral illness, prior vaccination history, and coexistence of other autoimmune conditions) along with autoantibodies.(6) Antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders usually have an HLA class II association.”
BackgroundKitsou, V., Blomberg, B., Lunde, T., & Saeed, S. (2022) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2022-249608 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Autoimmune Autonomic Disorders
Golden, E. P., Blackburn, K. M., & Vernino, S. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61883-4_21 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTufvesson, H., Hamrefors, V., Fedorowski, A., Hansson, M., & Ohlsson, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1342351 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Breaking the silence: Recognizing post-vaccination syndrome
Halma, M. T. J., & Varón, J. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e43478 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“High levels of gAChR antibodies have been identified as a defining feature of autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) [27], a rare cause of diffuse autonomic failure.”
BackgroundPozzi, A. T. D., Enechukwu, M., & Blitshteyn, S. (2019) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-229824 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Li, H., Deng, J., Zhang, G., Fischer, H., Stavrakis, S., & Yu, X. (2022) · Heart Rhythm O2 · doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.12.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In recent years, autoimmunity has drawn attention as a potential cause of POTS in some patients.(4,5) We and others have identified the presence of antiadrenergic autoantibodies in a subgroup of POTS patients.”
BackgroundLow-Dose Naltrexone Use in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A Case Series
Tidd, S. J. S., Cantrell, C., Greene, B. D., & Wilson, R. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.43426 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This has led to increased calls for clinical trials exploring immunomodulating therapies such as LDN [23-25].”
BackgroundCheng, W., Wang, J., & Lin, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19126974 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mannan, H. R., & Pain, C. M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12982 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
G protein-coupled receptors related to autoimmunity in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Sunami, Y., Sugaya, K., & Takahashi, K. (2024) · Immunological Medicine · doi:10.1080/25785826.2024.2370079 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Moreover, the identification of several autoantibodies, including anti-G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) autoantibodies, in the sera of patients with POTS has led some researchers to posit an autoimmune etiology for POTS [3].”
Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): What do we know so far?
Noureldine, H., Hasbani, G. E., Eldine, M. N., Nour-Eldine, W., Taher, A., & Uthman, I. (2021) · Revue neurologique (Paris) · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2021.10.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Insights into postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19 in pediatric patients
Cui, Y.-X., Du, J.-B., & Jin, H. (2024) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-024-00796-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Many studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of POTS is related to autoimmunity and thus warrants further studies on IVIG treatment [67].”
Fan, S.-J., Cui, Y., Liao, Y., & Jin, H.-F. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10071093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pathophysiology and Classification of PoTS
Lloyd, M., & Raj, S. (2020) · Postural Tachycardia Syndrome · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54165-1_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome and COVID-19: Focus on Ivabradine Therapy
DIXIT, K., & Frishman, W. H. (2022) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000503 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This was the first case reported where POTS had been reversed after a COVID-19 infection.”
BackgroundInfluentialMiglis, M. G., & Muppidi, S. (2020) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-019-00661-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management Guide for Nurses
Seeley, M., Lau, D. H., & Gallagher, C. (2023) · Nursing Research and Reviews · doi:10.2147/nrr.s394822 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
González-Hermosillo, J. A., Rubio-Vega, A., González-Olvera, K. A. F., Sierra-Beltrán, M., Kostine, A., & Lerma, C. (2021) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.24875/ric.21000199 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Introduction to Neuroimmunology
Coyle, P. K. (2019) · Current clinical neurology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24436-1_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Metabolic targets in the Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A short thematic review
Glasgow, A. C., & Kim, J. Y. (2024) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103232 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Herrera, A., & Behm, J. (2021) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2021.1967548 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Other potential mechanisms include autoimmunity (Grubb et al., 2006; Vernino & Stiles, 2018), autonomic and/or small fiber neuropathy (Gibbons et al., 2013; Haensch et al., 2014), hypovolemia, and mast cell activation disorder (Arnold et al., 2018; Bryarly et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHop to It: The First Animal Model of Autoimmune Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Miller, A. J., & Doherty, T. A. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.014084 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“case series have shown that immune therapy improves POTS symptoms in patients with comorbid autoimmune diseases and refractory disease.(3,15,16) There is also an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in POTS (ClinicalTrials.”
BackgroundInfluentialConditions Associated with Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome: POTS, MCAS, EDS
DeCicco, J. P., Johnson, J., & Wilson, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80740-4_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kulin, D., Shah, A., Fairlie, T., Staller, K. D., Nurko, S., Keefer, L., Aziz, Q., Drossman, D. A., Jones, M., & Holtmann, G. (2026) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.70305 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hiperhidrose e síndrome de taquicardia pós-COVID-19
Rebêlo, V. C. N., da Silva, E. K. R., Lemos, M. P. R., Cabral, P. U. L., de Carvalho, A. F. M., Feitosa, M. C. P., Coelho, N. P. M. D. F., Monteiro, L. D. M., Portela, F. T. D. C., & Arisawa, E. Â. L. S. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27766 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Complex breathlessness in postural tachycardia syndrome and autonomic dysfunction
Gall, N. P., & Reilly, C. C. (2022) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10013621 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Treatment and Management of Autoimmune Neuropathies
El-Abassi, R. N., Soliman, M. Y., Levy, M. H., & England, J. D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-71317-7.00015-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jost, K., Rodriguez, B., Söll, N., Hoepner, R., & Z'Graggen, W. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.109373.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Shivering Presence N (%) 3 (15) 13 (65)”
Pipedreams, the pandemic and PoTS: is the post-COVID-19 era a turning point for PoTS services?
Opie, M., & Nuttall, M. (2022) · British Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.5837/bjc.2022.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Autoimmune Antibodies in Orthostatic Intolerance Syndromes
Lukáčová, M., Mitro, P., Lazúrová, Z., Hijová, E., Bertková, I., & Valová, K. (2025) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.935504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Currently, immune-modulatory therapies in POTS are not recommended unless a systemic autoimmune disorder is confirmed [4,22].”
Anaesthetic management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome presenting during pregnancy
Harding, F., Hyndman, N., & Burns, R. (2019) · International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2019.02.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Is PoTS an Autoimmune Condition?
Rull, G., & Lobo, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54165-1_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Сardiac manifestations of post-COVID syndrome: tachycardia
Bagdasaryan, A. S., Sirunyants, A. A., Pukhnyak, D. V., Kamalyan, Z. A., Remizova, A. I., & Федичева, Н. А. (2023) · EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE · doi:10.24884/2072-6716-2023-24-1-30-36 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Broken Connections: The Evidence for Neuroglial Failure in ME/CFSPreprint
Renz‐Polster, H. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ef3n4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Updates in postural tachycardia syndrome
Moon, J. (2021) · Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.14253/acn.2021.23.1.1
“Moreover, patients with POTS have a higher positive rate of antinuclear antibodies than general population,(29) as well as a higher incidence of systemic autoimmune disease, including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Sjögren’s syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.(28) Therefore, it has been suggested that POTS should be…”
BackgroundNunura, F., Tulloch-Reid, E., Soliman, A., Weekes, S., Basil, E., Baugh, D. S., & Madu, E. C. (2021) · Acta Scientific Medical Sciences · doi:10.31080/asms.2020.05.0990
VanderPluym, J. H., Chadehumbe, M. A., & Pietris, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-83005-8.00023-9
A new light on an old condition
Struhal, W., & Hain, B. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Case Reports · doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab499
“Most likely these triggers (i) do not represent a direct cause of POTS and (ii) activate a complex immune system response.(4) A possible interaction between the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system and the immune system is likely of cybernetic nature—one example is an inverse correlation of interleukin-6 serum leve…”
BackgroundPostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in children and adolescents
Lee, J. (2022) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2022.65.2.101
“손발의 저림, 통 증, 관절통, 더위와 추위를 견디지 못하는 증상, 땀의 분비, 가슴 통증, 눈부심 등이 있다[8,15,16].”
Delamont, R. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54165-1_7
Autoimmune autonomic syndromes
Vernino, S. A., & Low, P. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85492-4.00036-3
Self-citation5th Global Conference on Myositis (GCOM)
Werth, V. P., Wilfong, E. M., Mammen, A. L., Oddis, C. V., Saygın, D., Liarski, V. M., Moghadam‐Kia, S., Aggarwal, R., & Ascherman, D. P. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology · doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/byxxv1
Long-term clinical outcomes and prognosis
Molinari, L. V., Ricci, F., Gallina, S., Fedorowski, A., & Chahal, C. A. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14001-3.00012-1
- Authors
- Vernino, S., & Stiles, L. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stiles, Lauren E.
- Venue
- Autonomic Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 215
- Pages
- 78-82
- ISSN
- 1566-0702 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2801111658
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Autonomic Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, autoimmunity, autoimmune disease comorbidity, autoimmune markers, immunotherapy, autonomic dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Autoimmune Diseases, Humans, Immunotherapy, Comorbidity, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
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