Mean girls and bad boys: Recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder

Berkout, Olga V.; Young, John N.; Gross, Alan M.

doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.001

Cited by 141Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingCrime Patterns and Interventions

Mean girls and bad boys: Recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder

Berkout, Olga V., Young, John N., Gross, Alan M.·2011·Aggression and Violent Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.001

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.001

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Males are three times more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors than females due to both biological and cultural factors.
“While males are three times more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors than females due to both biological and cultural factors [137–139]”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [137]

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior.
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. A. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.44.2.329 · Cited by 2,950 · see citing works
A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.329 · Cited by 2,048 · see citing works
Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
Hare, R. D. (1993) · Warner Books · Cited by 1,765 · see citing works
Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I
LOEBER, R., BURKE, J. D., LAHEY, B. B., WINTERS, A., & ZERA, M. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200012000-00007 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., John Horwood, L., & Ridder, E. M. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00387.x · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior
Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701820117 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions.
Kazdin, A. E. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.2.187 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191106287354 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology
Maughan, B., Rowe, R., Messer, J., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00250.x · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Family preservation using multisystemic therapy: An effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders.
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.6.953 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
New Evidence on the Monetary Value of Saving a High Risk Youth
Cohen, M. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2009) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-008-9057-3 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Family preservation using multisystemic therapy: An effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders.
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.6.953 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school
Stormshak, E. A., Bierman, K. L., McMahon, R. J., & Lengua, L. J. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2901_3 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II.
Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Birmaher, B. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00009 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development?
GRABER, J. A., LEWINSOHN, P. M., SEELEY, J. R., & BROOKS-GUNN, J. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199712000-00026 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Handbook of Psychopathy
Patrick, C. J. (2007) · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender
Loeber, R. (1994) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90015-9 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Youths Across Five Sectors of Care
GARLAND, A. F., HOUGH, R. L., MCCABE, K. M., YEH, M., WOOD, P. A., & AARONS, G. A. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00009 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents
Henggeler, S. W. (2009) · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Neurobiological basis of psychopathy
Blair, J. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.1.5 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Heart Rate Level and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
ORTIZ, J., & Raine, A. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200402000-00010 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Annotation: The role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children
Raine, A. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00034 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Research Review: DSM‐V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base
Moffitt, T. E., order, A. I. A., Arseneault, L., Jaffee, S. R., Kim‐Cohen, J., Koenen, K. C., Odgers, C. L., Slutske, W. S., & Viding, E. M. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Effects of ADHD, Conduct Disorder, and Gender on Substance Use and Abuse in Adolescence
Disney, E. R., Elkins, I. J., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1515 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Gender and the development of conduct disorder
Zoccolillo, M. (1993) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004260 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Disentangling the Underlying Dimensions of Psychopathy and Conduct Problems in Childhood: A Community Study.
Dadds, M. R., Fraser, J., Frost, A. D. J., & Hawes, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.400 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The High Costs of Aggression: Public Expenditures Resulting From Conduct Disorder
Foster, E. M., & Jones, D. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.061424 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Reciprocal influences between girls' conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: a six year prospective analysis
Hipwell, A., Keenan, K., Kasza, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Bean, T. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9206-4 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age.
Baillargeon, R. H., Zoccolillo, M., Keenan, K. E., Côté, S. M., Pérusse, D., Wu, H., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.13 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Conduct Disorder in Girls: A Review of the Literature
Keenan, K. E., Loeber, R., & Green, S. (1999) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1021811307364 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Psychiatric Disorders at Juvenile Probation Intake
Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Ko, S. J., Katz, L. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2003.024737 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The contribution of callous‐unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescence
Viding, E. M., Simmonds, E., Petrides, K. V., & Frederickson, N. L. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02012.x · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The Pittsburgh Girls Study: Overview and Initial Findings
Keenan, K. E., Hipwell, A. E., Chung, T. A., Stepp, S. D., Stouthamer‐Loeber, M., Loeber, R., & McTigue, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.486320 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The relationship between DSM-IV oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Findings from the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Rowe, R., Maughan, B., Pickles, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00027 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Cross‐Setting Consistency in Early Adolescent Psychopathology: Deviant Friendships and Problem Behavior Sequelae
Dishion, T. J. (2000) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00128 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Research review: A critical review of studies on the developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior in females
Fontaine, N. M. G., Carbonneau, R., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01949.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Program for Incarcerated Female Juvenile Offenders
Trupin, E. W., Stewart, D. G., Beach, B., & Boesky, L. (2002) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00022 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A Dual-Deficit Model of Psychopathy.
Fowles, D. C., & Dindo, L. N. (2006) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Behavioral approaches to therapy
SPENCE, J. T., Carson, R. C., & Thibaut, J. W. (1976) · General Learning Press eBooks · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The NICE ADHD health technology assessment: A review and critique
Schlander, M. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Developmental and Sex Differences in Types of Conduct Problems
Tiêt, Q. Q., Wasserman, G. A., Loeber, R., McReynolds, L. S., & Miller, L. S. (2001) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1016637702525 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Relationships between anxiety and externalizing disorders in youth: the influences of age and gender
Marmorstein, N. R. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.06.004 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Childhood Behavioral Profiles Leading to Adolescent Conduct Disorder: Risk Trajectories for Boys and Girls
Côté, S. M., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Zoccolillo, M., & Vitaro, F. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200209000-00009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Are Developmental Pathways in Disruptive Behaviors the Same for Girls and Boys?
Gorman‐Smith, D., & Loeber, R. (2005) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-005-1109-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Timing of menarche and the origins of conduct disorder
Burt, S. A., McGue, M., DeMarte, J. A., Krueger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.890 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Age of onset, symptom threshold, and expansion of the nosology of conduct disorder for girls.
Keenan, K. E., Wroblewski, K., Hipwell, A. E., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019346 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Interpersonal Relationships and Sex Differences in the Development of Conduct Problems
Ehrensaft, M. K. (2005) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-005-2341-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sex-specific association between psychopathic traits and electrodermal reactivity in children.
Isen, J. D., Raine, A., Baker, L. A., Dawson, M. E., Bezdjian, S., & Lozano, D. I. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017777 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mapping Gray’s BIS and BAS constructs onto Factor 1 and Factor 2 of Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist – Revised
Wallace, J. F., Malterer, M. B., & Newman, J. P. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and youth: An agenda for advocacy by school psychology.
Doll, B. J. (1996) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0088919 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Understanding the relations among gender, disinhibition, and disruptive behavior in adolescents.
Hartung, C. M., Milich, R. S., Lynam, D. R., & Martin, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.4.659 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
HPA-axis activity and externalizing behavior problems in early adolescents from the general population: The role of comorbidity and gender
Marsman, R., Willemsen‐Swinkels, S. H. N., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gender differences in childhood onset conduct disorder
McCabe, K. M., Rodgers, C. S., Yeh, M., & Hough, R. L. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404044463 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
RELATIONS AMONG FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS IN BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Thompson, T. I. (2007) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2007.21-06 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
An Item Response Theory Analysis of DSM-IV Conduct Disorder
Gelhorn, H. L., Hartman, C. A., Sakai, J. T., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31818b1c4e · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Conduct disorder in girls: neighborhoods, family characteristics, and parenting behaviors
PAJER, K. A., Stein, S., Tritt, K., Chang, C.-N., Wang, W., & Gardner, W. P. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-28 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Role of Harsh Discipline in Explaining Sex Differences in Conduct Disorder: a Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs
Meier, M. H., Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9309-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Revisiting gender differences: what we know and what lies ahead.
Meyers‐Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review
Koyama, E., Kant, T., Takata, A., Kennedy, J. L., & Zai, C. C. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02870-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Childhood injury prevention in Israel
Hemmo-Lotem, M., Jinich-Aronowitz, C., Silbinger, O., et al. (2000) · Injury Control and Safety Promotion
Developing a national policy for injury and violence prevention
Sethi, D. D., Waxweiler, R., & Racioppi, F. (2008) · International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion · doi:10.1080/17457300701844314 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Does improving poison prevention practices reduce childhood poisoning rates
Forjuoh, S. N. (2016) · International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion · doi:10.1080/17457300.2016.1129748 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The role of the ministry of health in preventing injuries and violence
Krug, E. G., & Sminkey, L. (2007) · International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion · doi:10.1080/17457300701587319 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Causes and consequences of moped injuries in children and adolescents
Mayr, J. M., Schwantzer, G., Swatek, P., et al. (2005) · International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion · doi:10.1080/17457300512331339193

Authors: Berkout, O. V., Young, J. N., & Gross, A. M.
Affiliations: University of Mississippi (US)
Corresponding author: Gross, Alan M.
ORCID: Berkout, Olga V.
Young, John N.
Gross, Alan M.
Venue: Aggression and Violent Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 16
Issue: 6
Pages: 503-511
ISSN: 1359-1789 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.001
OpenAlex: W2084391065
Cited by: 141
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 8.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Aggression and Violent Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Keywords: conduct disorder, gender differences, girls, internalizing disorders, temperament, parenting, poverty, risk factors, antisocial behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Mean girls and bad boys: Recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks