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The relationship between DSM-IV oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Findings from the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Abstract
Background We examine models of the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in a community sample. Particular attention is paid to the generalisability of findings based on clinic-referred boys. Methods The analyses were based on four waves of data from the Great Smoky Mountains Study covering children in the community aged 9-16 years. Child and parent reports of DSM-IV symptoms, diagnoses, and a range of family and environmental adversities were collected using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment. Results Cross-sectional analyses indicated that CD and ODD largely shared similar correlates, although some aspects of parenting appeared more related to CD than ODD. This pattern was broadly similar in boys and girls. Longitudinal analyses confirmed that ODD was a strong risk factor for CD in boys and there was a suggestion that ODD was a stronger risk factor for CD than for other common disorders. Atypical family structure was an important factor in the transition between ODD and CD in boys. In girls ODD provided no increased risk for later CD but was associated with increased risk for continued ODD, depression, and anxiety. Conclusions These results are more consistent with a developmental relationship between ODD and CD in boys than girls.
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CD and ODD are related in their behavioral manifestations, and children with CD often exhibit some ODD behavior, suggesting a shared developmental relationship.
“CD and ODD are related in their behavioral manifestations. Children with a diagnosis of CD often exhibit some ODD behavior, thus suggesting they may share a developmental relationship”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe, Maughan, Pickles, Costello, & Angold, 2002
Inadequate supervision is more strongly associated with CD than ODD in both sexes.
“Inadequate supervision was more strongly associated with CD than ODD in both sexes”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Among children with CD, 26% of boys and 54% of girls presented comorbidity with ODD.
“a noticeable proportion of children with CD presented comorbidity with ODD, namely 26% of the boys and 54% of the girls”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Irrespective of the disorders exhibited by children, the mean age for their appearance is around 4-5 years.
“Irrespective of the disorders exhibited by children, the mean age for their appearance is around 4 -5 years”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Environmental factors influencing children with CD and ODD are related to maternal depression, family disturbances (social disadvantage and atypical family structures), high crime rates, and parental drug and alcohol problems, which were higher in families of children with CD and ODD.
“environmental factors which in fl uenced children with CD and ODD disorders were related to: (1) maternal depression; (2) familiar disturbs, represented in terms of social disadvantage and atypical family structures; (3) high crime rates and (4) parental drug and alcohol problems, which were higher in the families of the children who exhibited CD and ODD”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Severe discipline is specifically associated with CD in boys, but associated with both disorders in girls.
“severe discipline was speci fi cally associated with CD in boys, but associated with both disorders in girls”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Excessively invasive and overprotective parenting is associated with CD only in girls and has no association with diagnostic status in boys.
“Excessively invasive and overprotective parenting was associated with CD only in girls, and had no association with diagnostic status in boys”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
In one study, 96 boys and 70 girls presented ODD criteria, and 132 boys and 47 girls presented CD criteria.
“96 boys and 70 girls presented ODD criteria, and 132 boys and 47 girls presented CD criteria”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Among children diagnosed with ODD, 57% of boys and 55% of girls showed sub-diagnostic criteria for CD.
“57% of the boys and 55% of the girls diagnosed with ODD showed sub-diagnostic criteria for CD”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
There is a strong relationship between CD and ODD, which seem to share genetic influences, specifically a unique genetic influence that increases the tendency for externalization in both disorders and most likely in ADHD, although each disorder may also have its own genetic characteristics.
“There is a strong relationship between CD and ODD (Rowe et al., 2002), which seem to share genetic in fl uences (Knopik et al., 2014), speci fi cally an unique genetic in fl uence that increases the tendency for externalization in both disorders (Dick et al., 2005) and, most likely, in ADHD, although each disorder may also have its own genetic characteristics”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
Environmental factors that influence CD and ODD are parental alcohol and drug problems, previous history of parental crime, maternal depression, and family disorders.
“Environmental factors that in fl uence CD and ODD are parental alcohol and drug problems, previous history of parental crime, maternal depression, and family disorders”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 2002
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Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders as Predictors of Young Adult Disorders
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rowe, R., Maughan, B., Pickles, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rowe, Richard
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 365-373
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2099361796
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, DSM-IV, Great Smoky Mountains Study, risk factors, family structure, parenting, gender differences, depression, anxiety, community children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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