The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The multiple linkages of personality and disease
Open accessAbstract
Associations between personality and health and longevity are increasingly well documented, but the causal inter-connections are often much more complex than originally anticipated. Multiple causal pathways may operate simultaneously as the individual travels an idiosyncratic route across the life-span. Therefore, a straightforward model of personality, immunity, and disease may never be established and validated, because it overlooks other key elements of the causal processes. Psychoneuroimmunology research may profit from closer integration into the broader conceptual understandings of personality and health, using a new life-span epidemiological personality approach.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“stressed patients with diabetes are more likely to lead unhealthy lifestyles than their peers who enjoy social support from family members and friends [32].”
From Factors Associated with Long-Term Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x · Cited by 6,835
Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 · Cited by 3,334
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467
The influence of social hierarchy on primate health
Sapolsky, R. M. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106477 · Cited by 2,113 · cited 1×
“…and illness fail to find simple and comprehensive psycho-immunological mediating mechanisms (Kemeny, 2007), although there are intriguing commonalities between human and animal personality research findings (e.g. Capitanio, Mendoza, & Baroncelli, 1999; Cacioppo & Berntson, 2007; Sapolsky, 2005).”
BackgroundDoes positive affect influence health?
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 · Cited by 2,087
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 · Cited by 1,632 · cited 1×
“For example, a meta-analysis of 194 studies examined conscientiousness-related traits and leading behavioral contributors to mortality -- tobacco use, diet and activity patterns, excessive alcohol use, violence, risky sexual behavior, risky driving, suicide, and drug use (Bogg & Roberts, 2004).”
BackgroundHandbook of personality psychology
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1833 · Cited by 1,618
A framework for studying personality in the stress process.
Bolger, N. P., & Zuckerman, A. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.890 · Cited by 1,471
Relationship of personality to performance motivation: a meta-analytic review.
Judge, T., & Ilies, R. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.797 · Cited by 1,358
(2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315167534 · Cited by 1,147
Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease
Rugulies, R. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00439-7 · Cited by 1,110
Health psychology: what is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?
Taylor, S. E., Repetti, R. L., & Seeman, T. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.411 · Cited by 936
Suls, J., & Bunde, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.260 · Cited by 878
Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample
Barefoot, J. C., & Schroll, M. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.11.1976 · Cited by 850
Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review.
Booth‐Kewley, S., & Friedman, H. S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.3.343 · Cited by 838
Self-citationWork experiences and personality development in young adulthood.
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.582 · Cited by 753
Handbook of Personality Psychology
(1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-134645-4.x5000-8 · Cited by 708
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-5852 · Cited by 696
The "disease-prone personality": A meta-analytic view of the construct.
Friedman, H. S., & Booth‐Kewley, S. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.6.539 · Cited by 647
Self-citationDepression Is a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease in Men
Ford, D. E., Mead, L. A., Chang, P. P., Cooper, L. A., Wang, N., & Klag, M. J. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.13.1422 · Cited by 586
Friedman, H. S., Adler, N. E., Parke, R. D., Peterson, C., Rosenthal, R., Schwarzer, R., Silver, R. C., & Spiegel, D. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012267806-6/50061-5 · Cited by 561
Self-citationThe Effect of Daily Stress, Personality, and Age on Daily Negative Affect
Mroczek, D. K., & Almeida, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00265.x · Cited by 535
Long‐Term Relations of Personality and Health: Dynamisms, Mechanisms, Tropisms
Friedman, H. S. (2000) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00127 · Cited by 514
Self-citationAnger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders
Chesney, M. A., & Rosenman, R. H. (1985) · Hemisphere Pub. Corp. eBooks · Cited by 513
Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis.
Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1046 · Cited by 504
Does childhood personality predict longevity?
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Schwartz, J. E., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.176 · Cited by 448 · cited 4×
“Beginning with childhood, we first tested whether variables representing major dimensions of personality could predict longevity across the life-span (Friedman et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCaspi, A., Begg, D., Dickson, N. P., Harrington, H., Langley, J. D., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.5.1052 · Cited by 447
Health Status and the Five-factor Personality Traits in a Nationally Representative Sample
Goodwin, R. D., & Friedman, H. S. (2006) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105306066610 · Cited by 421 · cited 1×
“Evidence of the generality of the importance of conscientiousness comes from a study using the Midlife Development in the United States Survey, a nationally representative sample of 3,032 non-institutionalized civilian adults (Goodwin & Friedman, 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationLobel, M., Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Scrimshaw, S. C. M. (1992) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.11.1.32 · Cited by 393
Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults.
Cohen, S., Frank, E., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Rabin, B. S., & Gwaltney, J. M. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.214 · Cited by 388
Foundations of Health Psychology
(2006) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195139594.001.0001 · Cited by 385
Conscientiousness and Integrity at Work
Hogan, J. C., & Öneş, D. S. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50033-0 · Cited by 376
Matthews, K. A. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.3.373 · Cited by 353
The Influence of Anxiety and Depression on Outcomes of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Januzzi, J. L., Stern, T. A., Pasternak, R. C., & DeSanctis, R. W. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.13.1913 · Cited by 315
Weiss, A., & Costa, P. T. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000181272.58103.18 · Cited by 311 · cited 2×
“Indeed, recent research supports the idea that factors associated with neuroticism, such as self-reports of psychological distress and mental strain, can sometimes predict lower mortality risk (Gardner & Oswald, 2004; Korten et al., 1999; Weiss & Costa, 2005).”
BackgroundCohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Treanor, J. J., & Turner, R. B. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000245867.92364.3c · Cited by 305
STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN FAMILIES
Meyer, R. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (1962) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.29.4.539 · Cited by 302
Foundations of health psychology
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4148 · Cited by 280
Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of longevity: The aging and death of the ‘Termites’.
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Schwartz, J. E., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Martin, L. R., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.2.69 · Cited by 271
Self-citationStreptococcal infections in families. Factors altering individual susceptibility.
Meyer, R. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (1962) · PubMed · Cited by 257
Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Jiao, Z., Letenneur, L., Jacomb, P. A., Henderson, A. S., Christensen, H., & Rodgers, B. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.53.2.83 · Cited by 240
How is mortality affected by money, marriage, and stress?
GARDNER, J., & Oswald, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.03.002 · Cited by 240
Handbook of Longitudinal Research
Sa, M., Harway, M., & Finello, K. M. (1981) · Cited by 238
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., & Schwartz, J. E. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.428 · Cited by 233
Self-citationRoberts, B. W., & Bogg, T. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00264.x · Cited by 205
Depressive Symptoms and Survival of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Barefoot, J. C., Brummett, B. H., Helms, M. J., Mark, D. B., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00008 · Cited by 200
McCaffery, J. M., Frasure‐Smith, N., Dubé, M., Théroux, P., Rouleau, G. A., Duan, Q., & Lespérance, F. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000208630.79271.a0 · Cited by 192
Relations of serotonin function to personality: Current views and a key methodological issue
Carver, C. S., & Miller, C. J. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.013 · Cited by 186
Personality and Mortality in Old Age
Wilson, R. S., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.p110 · Cited by 182 · cited 1×
“Those scoring very high on conscientiousness were about half as likely to die as those with a very low score (Wilson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTucker, J. S., Friedman, H. S., Wingard, D. L., & Schwartz, J. E. (1996) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.15.2.94 · Cited by 178
Self-citationA Life Course Perspective on Childhood Cheerfulness and its Relation to Mortality Risk
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson‐Keasey, C., Criqui, M. H., & Schwartz, J. E. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812001 · Cited by 170
Self-citation2006 Curt P. Richter award winner
DeVries, A. C., Craft, T. K. S., Glasper, E. R., Neigh, G. N., & Alexander, J. K. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.007 · Cited by 153
Cannon, W. B. (1978) · Cited by 148
Personality Traits and Long-Term Health
Brickman, A. L., Yount, S., Blaney, N. T., Rothberg, S. T., & De‐Nour, A. K. (1996) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(96)71534-7 · Cited by 143
Patient personality and mortality: A 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency.
Christensen, A. J., Ehlers, S. L., Wiebe, J. S., Moran, P. J., Raichle, K., Ferneyhough, K., & Lawton, W. J. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.4.315 · Cited by 141
Martin, L. R., & Friedman, H. S. (2000) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00092 · Cited by 134
Self-citationPrenatal origins of individual variation in behavior and immunity
Coe, C. L., & Lubach, G. R. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.003 · Cited by 106
Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Baroncelli, S. (1999) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1006/brbi.1998.0540 · Cited by 101
Subotnik, R. F., Karp, D. E., & Morgan, E. R. (1989) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783198909553190 · Cited by 87
D, S. M. A. V. R. O. I. (1950) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(50)90221-x · Cited by 86
Mind and Body: Psychosomatic Medicine
(1948) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/28.2.92c · Cited by 70
Weinstein, T. A. R., Capitanio, J. P., & Gosling, S. D. (2008) · Cited by 68
Overmier, J. B., & Murison, R. C. C. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00193-x · Cited by 63
Getting the Short End of the Allele
Holden, C. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.301.5631.291a · Cited by 62
Koolhaas, J. M., de Boer, S. F., & Buwalda, B. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00417.x · Cited by 62
Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Bentson, K. L. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.001 · Cited by 58
The Self-Healing Personality: Why Some People Achieve Health and Others Succumb to Illness
Friedman, H. S. (1991) · Cited by 44
Self-citationDepression and Mortality in the Elderly
Schulz, R., Martire, L. M., Beach, S. R., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00095 · Cited by 40
Individual temperament as a predictor of health or premature disease.
Betz, B. J., & Thomas, C. B. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Personality, Disease, and Self-healing
Friedman, H. S. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0010 · Cited by 19
Self-citationThe History and Background of Health Psychology
Friedman, H. S., & Adler, N. E. (2006) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195139594.003.0001 · Cited by 16
Self-citationMind and Body: Psychosomatic Medicine
(1948) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1948.02890390071033 · Cited by 14
Leçons de pathologie expérimentale et leçons sur les propriétés de la moelle épinière
Bérnard, C. (1880) · Hispana · Cited by 3
Friedman, H. S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00176-4 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 84 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sears, 1984, The Terman gifted children study, vol. 1, 398
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352 · Cited by 2,424
Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death
Deary, I. J., Weiß, A., & Batty, G. D. (2010) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610387081 · Cited by 461
Personality and obesity across the adult life span.
Sutin, A. R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A. B., & Terracciano, A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024286 · Cited by 441
Personality and Health, Subjective Well‐Being, and Longevity
Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., & Reynolds, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00613.x · Cited by 295
Self-citationChapman, B. P., Roberts, B., & Duberstein, P. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/759170 · Cited by 283
“Figure 1 summarizes a heuristic model of the ways in which personality is thought to affect longevity [26, 27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Friedman, H. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Friedman, Howard S.
- ORCID
- Friedman, Howard S.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-675
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2464619
- OpenAlex
- W2056038623
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG08825, R01AG027001, AG027001, R01AG008825)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- personality, psychoneuroimmunology, personality and health, longevity, causal pathways, personality and disease, immunity, lifespan development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease, Health, Humans, Immunity, Longevity, Personality, Psychoneuroimmunology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review