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To assess, to control, to exclude: Effects of biobehavioral factors on circulating inflammatory markers
Open accessAbstract
Behavioral scientists have increasingly included inflammatory biology as mechanisms in their investigation of psychosocial dynamics on the pathobiology of disease. However, a lack of standardization of inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessment of relevant control variables impacts the interpretation of these studies. The present paper reviews and discusses human biobehavioral factors that can affect the measurement of circulating markers of inflammation. Keywords relevant to inflammatory biology and biobehavioral factors were searched through PubMed. Age, sex, and hormonal status, socioeconomic status, ethnicity and race, body mass index, exercise, diet, caffeine, smoking, alcohol, sleep disruption, antidepressants, aspirin, and medications for cardiovascular disease are all reviewed. A tiered set of recommendations as to whether each variable should be assessed, controlled for, or used as an exclusion criteria is provided. These recommendations provide a framework for observational and intervention studies investigating linkages between psychosocial and behavioral factors and inflammation.
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“Health behaviors were assessed using validated self-report items (O’Connor et al., 2009) including cigarette smoking status (never/former/current), alcohol use (drinks per week), and physical activity (minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity).”
From Strong Enough to Suffer: Emotional Suppression, Stress Exposure, and Physiological Health Among Men Across the Life Course (2026) · cites this paper as O’Connor et al., 2009
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“As explained by O’Connor et al. (2009), behavioral and biological pathways can also mediate the effects of psychological factors on the inflammatory markers, such as regulation strategies.”
From Strong Enough to Suffer: Emotional Suppression, Stress Exposure, and Physiological Health Among Men Across the Life Course (2026) · cites this paper as O’Connor et al., 2009
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“We examined alternative explanations by statistically controlling for plausible demographic and biobehavioral confounders (29).”
From Clustering of depression and inflammation in adolescents previously exposed to childhood adversity (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Based on prior work,12,45,46 we controlled for extraneous factors associated with inflammation.”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Based on prior work (Horn et al., 2018; Lee and Way, 2019; O'Connor et al., 2009), we controlled for extraneous factors that have been associated with inflammation.”
From Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem (2021) · cites this paper as O'Connor et al., 2009
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“Biomarker participants were also similar on most health-related characteristics, but were less likely to smoke (p < .01).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Love and colleagues (40) reported that the biomarker sample was comparable to the broader MIDUS II sample on age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, and income, although participants were more likely to have a college degree (p < .01).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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Longitudinal relationships of cytokines, depression and anhedonia in depressed adolescents
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Socioeconomic Status, Daily Affective and Social Experiences, and Inflammation During Adolescence
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“All analyses included age, sex, ethnicity, and BMI as covariates because these variables have previously been related to inflammation (74).”
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“For example, daily variability in IL-6 levels (Picotte, Campbell, & Thorland, 2009), or unmeasured health behaviors (O’Connor et al., 2009), could contribute to these Biol Psychol.”
BackgroundInsomnia and suicidal ideation in nonaffective psychosis
Miller, B. J., Parker, C. B., Rapaport, M. H., Buckley, P. F., & McCall, W. V. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy215 · Cited by 62
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“We controlled for two indices of health behaviors (alcohol consumption and smoking status) that are known to be associated with the levels of inflammation and cardiovascular malfunctions (O’Connor & Irwin, 2010; O’Connor et al., 2009).”
The Impact of Formal and Informal Support on Health in the Context of Caregiving Stress
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“Moreover, the presence of confounders is not controlled in the majority of studies when exploring associations between psychosocial factors and, for example, inflammatory markers, controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, alcohol use, sleep quality should be controlled; as well as assessed menopausal, diet, fitn…”
BackgroundResultInternalizing and externalizing behaviors predict elevated inflammatory markers in childhood
Slopen, N. B., Kubzansky, L. D., & Koenen, K. C. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.012 · Cited by 64
“Covariates We included a number of covariates known to be associated with variation in inflammation (O’Connor et al., 2009) or that have been used as covariates other studies of inflammation in youth (Caserta et al.”
MethodEswarappa, M. S., Neylan, T. C., Whooley, M. A., Metzler, T. J., & Cohen, B. E. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.012 · Cited by 59
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“In addition, we added some variables as covariates that show an established relation with cytokine levels (for a review see O'Connor et al., 2009).”
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Self-citationPredictors and Trajectories of Morning Fatigue Are Distinct From Evening Fatigue
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Transcriptomic predictors of inflammation-induced depressed mood
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BackgroundSelf-citationSocial Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators
Lee, D. S., Jiang, T., Crocker, J., & Way, B. M. (2022) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0188 · Cited by 53
Inflammaging: Age and Systemic, Cellular, and Nuclear Inflammatory Biology in Older Adults
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“To evaluate whether age was associated with markers of systemic (ie, CRP, IL-6, and sTNFRII), cellular (ie, TLR-4-stimulated monocytic production of IL-6 and/or TNFα), or nuclear (ie, spontaneous levels of NF-κB, STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 in total PBMC, monocytes only, and lymphocytes only) inflammation, multivariate li…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHow Well Do We Understand the Long-Term Health Implications of Childhood Bullying?
Zárate‐Garza, P. P., Biggs, B. K., Croarkin, P. E., Morath, B. A., Leffler, J. M., Barboza, A. B. C., & Tye, S. J. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000137 · Cited by 60
“Chronic inflammatory states are activated and maintained by environmental stressors as well as by a range of health-risk behaviors, including poor diet, lack of exercise, and sleep disturbance.(91,92) One marker of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP), has been extensively researched because of its association with…”
BackgroundInflammatory Biomarkers in Depression: An Opportunity for Novel Therapeutic Interventions
Li, M., Soczynska, J. K., & Kennedy, S. H. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0210-6 · Cited by 53
“Several challenges in this field need to be addressed [8, 10, 25, 51], including 1) the diagnostic phenomenology or clinical variability within the syndrome of major depression; 2) the impact of biobehavioral variables on biomarker levels [ 52 ]; 3) the need to standardize methods of biological sample collection and a…”
BackgroundWiebenga, J. X. M., Heering, H. D., Eikelenboom, M., van Hemert, A. M., van Oppen, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.021 · Cited by 53
“12 smoking status and alcohol consumption were controlled for in separate analyses of inflammatory markers (O'Connor et al., 2009).”
MethodMarital adjustment and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Whisman, M. A., & Sbarra, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026902 · Cited by 54
“…adjustment was associated with IL-6 controlling for variables have been shown to covary with inflammation outcomes, including demographic variables, medication usage, health status indicators, health behaviors, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress (for a review, see O’Connor et al., 2009).”
InfluentialStringhini, S., Zaninotto, P., Meena Kumari, B., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Batty, G. D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep24780 · Cited by 53
Socioeconomic status discrimination and C-reactive protein in African-American and White adults
Dyke, M. E. V., Vaccarino, V., Dunbar, S. B., Pemu, P. E., Gibbons, G. H., Quyyumi, A. A., & Lewis, T. T. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.009 · Cited by 54
“All of these factors have been linked with inflammation (Lampert et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2009; O'Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodMilrad, S. F., Hall, D. L., Jutagir, D. R., Lattie, E. G., Czaja, S. J., Perdomo, D. M., FLETCHER, M. A., Klimas, N. G., & Antoni, M. H. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.009 · Cited by 51
“research (O'Connor et al., 2009), because the data was not available on all cases.”
InfluentialMartínez, A. D., Ruelas, L., & Granger, D. A. (2018) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.06.003 · Cited by 52
“…other mental health symptoms (Delany et al., 2016; Keller, El-Sheikh, Vaughn & Granger, 2010; Miller, Maletic & Raison, 2009; Riis et al., 2016), and variation in environmental sensitivity of the autonomic and central nervous systems (O’Connor et al., 2009; Riis et al., 2016; Slavich et al., 2010).”
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Childhood Adversity and Inflammation in Breast Cancer Survivors
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“Variables that were expected to be related to the dependent variables based on empirical evidence were included as covariates including the following: age; body mass index (BMI); ethnicity; receipt of radiation, chemotherapy, and/or endocrine therapy; and number of alcoholic drinks per week (47).”
Self-citationAberrant inflammatory profile in acute but not recovered anorexia nervosa
Nilsson, I. A. K., Millischer, V., Göteson, A., Hübel, C., Thornton, L. M., Bulik, C. M., Schalling, M., & Landén, M. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.024 · Cited by 52
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“All analyses of hs-CRP controlled for age, sex, body mass index, education, and medication use linked to inflammation (i.e., hypertension, lipids, other cardiovascular, diabetes, see O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYang, Y., Shields, G. S., Wu, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, H., & Guo, C. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.022 · Cited by 52
“Finally, as mentioned above, we excluded participants with CRP levels> 10 mg/L (n = 1817), as these a CRP level > 10 mg/L indicates acute infection or other acute health condition, not basal inflammation (O’Connor et al., 2009) (including values of CRP > 10 mg/L did not alter the results; see Supplemental Material).”
BackgroundMcIntosh, R. C., Ironson, G. H., & KRAUSE, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317748733 · Cited by 47
“In addition, we controlled for cardiometabolic disease risk via (1) history or current diagnosis/treatment for HTN or high blood pressure, (2) history or current diagnosis/treatment for diabetes or high blood sugar, and (3) current HBA1c (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
MethodLestra, V., Roméo, B., Martelli, C., Benyamina, A., & Hamdani, N. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.026 · Cited by 49
Lockwood, K. G., Marsland, A. L., Cohen, S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.001 · Cited by 49
Vulnerability, distress, and immune response to vaccination in older adults
Segerstrom, S. C., Hardy, J. K., Evans, D. R., & Greenberg, R. N. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.10.009 · Cited by 52
“Higher BMI is associated with higher markers of systemic inflammation, particularly IL-6, due to the presence of activemacrophages in adipose tissue, particularly in visceral fat (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodThe role of substance use, smoking, and inflammation in risk for suicidal behavior
Chang, H. B., Munroe, S., Gray, K., Porta, G., Douaihy, A. B., Marsland, A. L., Brent, D. A., & Melhem, N. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.005 · Cited by 50
“Smoking was significantly and positively correlated with TNF-α mRNA, which is consistent with previous studies (O’Connor et al., 2009); however, there Chang et al.”
ResultElliot, A. J., Heffner, K. L., Mooney, C. J., Moynihan, J. A., & Chapman, B. P. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264317698551 · Cited by 47
“Following recommendations (O’Connor et al., 2009), we included dummy variables for antihypertensive and cholesterol medications.”
Benefit of physical fitness against inflammation in obesity: Role of beta adrenergic receptors
Hong, S., Dimitrov, S., Pruitt, C., Shaikh, F., & Beg, N. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.009 · Cited by 45
“Individuals with poor physical fitness or obesity exhibit an elevated inflammatory state (O’Connor et al., 2009), which is an underlying factor for increased morbidity and mortality from various diseases; however, it remains unclear whether obesity or poor fitness independently mediates elevated inflammation or if the…”
InfluentialSelf-citationMeasurement of Human Stress: A Multidimensional Approach
Dorsey, A. F., Scherer, E. M., Eckhoff, R., & Furberg, R. (2022) · doi:10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0073.2206 · Cited by 56
Daily Interpersonal Stress, Sleep Duration, and Gene Regulation during Late Adolescence
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“, 2017); these in turn, are thought to and/or have been linked to inflammation (e.g., Appleton et al., 2013; Chiang et al., 2015; O’Connor et al., 2009).”
Church attendance and CMV herpes virus latency among bereaved and non-bereaved adults.
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“Our analyses control for potential confounders of this association (reviewed, for example, in Christian et al., 2011; Jylhä, 2009; O'Connor et al., 2009), including health conditions and medication use, health behaviors, BMI, and also sociodemographic and psychological characteristics (e.g., low…”
BackgroundLattie, E. G., Antoni, M. H., FLETCHER, M. A., Penedo, F. J., Czaja, S. J., Lopez, C. R., Perdomo, D. M., Sala, A., Nair, S. N., Fu, S. H., et al. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.008 · Cited by 47
“However, based on the literature indicating the importance of controlling for age and gender, both variables were used as covariates in all analyses (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
MethodBlackmore, E. R., Groth, S. W., Chen, D., Gilchrist, M., O’Connor, T. G., & Moynihan, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2013.868879 · Cited by 44
“reviews [36], we included the following as covariates: age, BMI at initial intake examination in the first trimester (calculated using the standard formula kg/m(2)), years of education, Medicaid status, marital status, sleep (the total number of hours slept in a typical night) assessed through the Pittsburgh Sleep Qua…”
MethodPerceived social support and chronic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem.
Lee, D. S., & Way, B. M. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000746 · Cited by 43
Stress, psychological resources, and HPA and inflammatory reactivity during late adolescence
Chiang, J. J., Ko, A., Bower, J. E., Taylor, S. E., Irwin, M. R., & Fuligni, A. J. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000287 · Cited by 44
“time of day were considered as potential covariates given that these factors have been previously related to levels of cortisol and/or IL-6 (DeSantis et al., 2007; Dowd, Simanek, & Aiello, 2009; Jacks, Sowash, Anning, Mcgloughlin, & Andres, 2002; Lovallo et al., 2005; O’Connor et al., 2009; Uhart, Chong, Oswald, Lin,…”
BackgroundSleep inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Meier-Ewert, H. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e560 · Cited by 43
Socioeconomic Status and Social Support
John‐Henderson, N. A., Stellar, J. E., Mendoza‐Denton, R., & Francis, D. D. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615595962 · Cited by 47
“First, future research should include additional covariates, such as physical exercise and body mass index, which have been linked to markers of inflammation (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKuhlman, K. R., Robles, T. F., Haydon, M. D., Dooley, L. N., Boyle, C. C., & Bower, J. E. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21908 · Cited by 42
“Each model covaried for pre‐vaccine concentrations of IL‐6, female sex, and BMI based on best practices in psychoneuroim‐ munology (O’Connor et al., 2009), as well as whether the partic‐ ipant was part of the first or second cohort (See Kuhlman et al., 2018 for details).”
MethodSelf-citationJim, H., Park, J. Y., Permuth‐Wey, J., Rincon, M., Phillips, K. M., Small, B. J., & Jacobsen, P. B. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.03.001 · Cited by 43
“We did not collect data regarding participants’ body mass index (BMI), a correlate of inflammation (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
Is very high C-reactive protein in young adults associated with indicators of chronic disease risk?
Shanahan, L., Freeman, J. A., & Bauldry, S. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.019 · Cited by 41
“Therefore, studies investigating the role of elevated low-grade systemic inflammation in chronic physical and mental illness often exclude cases with very high CRP (O’Connor et al., 2009) in an effort to avoid obscuring ‘‘true’’ association between CRP and disease risk (Pearson et al.”
BackgroundBehavioral immune system activity predicts downregulation of chronic basal inflammation
Gassen, J., Prokosch, M. L., Makhanova, A., Eimerbrink, M. J., White, J. D., Leyva, R. P. P., Peterman, J. L., Nicolas, S. C. A., Reynolds, T. A., Maner, J. K., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203961 · Cited by 41
Insomnia symptoms are associated with elevated C-reactive protein in young adults
Slavish, D. C., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Engeland, C. G., Taylor, D. J., & Buxton, O. M. (2018) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1500577 · Cited by 41
“Age, gender, and BMI were included as covariates, as all have been strongly associated with sleep and inflammation and previous research on inflammation suggests controlling for these variables (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKautz, M. M., Coe, C. L., McArthur, B. A., Giollabhui, N. M., Ellman, L. M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.029 · Cited by 42
Duivis, H. E., Kupper, N., Vermunt, J. K., Penninx, B. W., Bosch, N. M., Riese, H., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000210 · Cited by 40
“Because lifestyle factors are possible mediators in the association between depression and inflammation (Duivis et al., 2011; O’Connor et al., 2009), they were analyzed in a separate model.”
BackgroundInfluentialCho, H. J., Bower, J. E., Kiefe, C. I., Seeman, T. E., & Irwin, M. R. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.04.005 · Cited by 40
“Covariates were chosen based on the published recommendations on the assessment of control variables for the studies investigating linkages between behavioral factors and inflammation (O’Connor et al., 2009), and all of them were assessed at baseline (Year 15).”
MethodSelf-citationCan we vaccinate against depression?
Rook, G. A. W., Raison, C. L., & Lowry, C. A. (2012) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.018 · Cited by 39
Henneghan, A. M., Wright, M. L., Bourne, G., & Sales, A. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562120927535 · Cited by 41
“Body mass index (BMI) was also measured to use a potential covariate considering BMI is consistently linked to elevated cytokine levels (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPersonality pathways to mortality: Interleukin-6 links conscientiousness to mortality risk
O’Súilleabháin, P. S., Turiano, N. A., Gerstorf, D., Luchetti, M., Gallagher, S. M., Sesker, A. A., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.032 · Cited by 45
Decreased IFN-γ and IL-12 levels in panic disorder
Tükel, R., Arslan, B. A., Ertekin, B. A., Ertekin, E., Oflaz, S., Ergen, A., Kuruca, S. E., & İsbir, T. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.04.012 · Cited by 39
“One more limitation is that some of the health behaviors, including diet, coffee consumption, exercise behaviors, and sleeping pattern and body mass index, which are associated with changes in inflammatory markers [37] and were not taken into account.”
BackgroundKrynicki, C. R., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C. M., Barnes, N. M., Vincent, R. C., Roberts, A., Giordano, A., Watson, A., John Suckling, A., Barnes, T. R. E., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.026 · Cited by 39
Depression in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of blood inflammatory markers
Nguyen, M., Perlman, G., Kim, N., Wu, C., Daher, V., Zhou, A., Mathers, E. H., Anita, N. Z., Lanctôt, K. L., Herrmann, N., et al. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105448 · Cited by 42
Inflammatory monocyte gene expression: trait or state marker in bipolar disorder?
Becking, K., Haarman, B. C. M., der Lek, R. F. R., Grosse, L., Nolen, W. A., Claes, S. J., Drexhage, H. A., & Schoevers, R. A. (2015) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-015-0037-x · Cited by 39
Moriarity, D. P., Slavich, G. M., Alloy, L. B., & Olino, T. M. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.017 · Cited by 39
“, potential confounders, specifically gender (20,21), age (22,23), disease burden (23,24), race”
BackgroundElliot, A. J., Turiano, N. A., & Chapman, B. P. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9847-z · Cited by 37
Slaney, C., Sallis, H., Jones, H. J., Dardani, C., CHARGE Inflammation Working Group, Tilling, K. M., Munafo, M. R., Smith, G. D., Mahedy, L., & Khandaker, G. M. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.010 · Cited by 39
“208 Potential confounders were chosen based on evidence that these variables may be risk 209 factors for inflammation (O’Connor et al., 2009) and cognition and thus may confound the 210 inflammation-cognition association.”
BackgroundEidan, A. J., AL-Harmoosh, R. A., & Al-Amarei, H. M. (2019) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2018.0134 · Cited by 39
Giollabhui, N. M. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100278 · Cited by 38
“, medication use) (Mac Giollabhui et al., 2020a,b; O'Connor et al., 2009), little is known about which of these factors represent “noise” in the data (e.”
BackgroundNeuro-oncology family caregivers are at risk for systemic inflammation
Sherwood, P. R., Price, T. J., Weimer, J. M., Ren, D., Donovan, H. S., Given, C. W., Given, B. A., Schulz, R., Prince, J., Bender, C. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-016-2083-3 · Cited by 37
“Due to the number of potential predictor variables and the sample size, the decision was made a priori to perform exploratory univariate logistic regression analyses to discern potential relationships between trajectory group membership and hypothesized confounding variables (patient’s tumor type [30], caregiver age,…”
Moreno, P. I., Moskowitz, A. L., Ganz, P. A., & Bower, J. E. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000300 · Cited by 38
“Analyses controlled for key covariates that are known to influence inflammation, including age, BMI, and menopausal status (46).”
MethodSelf-citationLopez, R. B., Brown, R. L., Wu, E.-L. L., Murdock, K. W., Denny, B. T., Heijnen, C., & Fagundes, C. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000755 · Cited by 36
Mongan, D., Susai, S. R., Föcking, M., Byrne, J. F., Zammit, S., Cannon, M. D., & Cotter, D. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.025 · Cited by 37
Hoogland, A. I., Nelson, A. M., Gonzalez, B. D., Small, B. J., Breen, E. C., Sutton, S. K., Syrjala, K. L., Bower, J. E., Pidala, J., Booth‐Jones, M., et al. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.008 · Cited by 36
Self-citationNeergheen, V. L., Topel, M. L., Dyke, M. E. V., Sullivan, S. M., Pemu, P. E., Gibbons, G. H., Vaccarino, V., Quyyumi, A. A., & Lewis, T. T. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.008 · Cited by 36
Longitudinal study of inflammatory markers and psychopathology in schizophrenia
Feng, T., McEvoy, J. P., & Miller, B. J. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.10.003 · Cited by 35
Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development
Robles, T. F. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13350 · Cited by 37
Self-citationDutcher, J. M., Boyle, C. C., Eisenberger, N. I., Cole, S. W., & Bower, J. E. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105114 · Cited by 37
Self-citationBecking, K., Spijker, A. T., Hoencamp, E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Schoevers, R. A., & Boschloo, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133898 · Cited by 36
Henneghan, A. M., Palesh, O. G., Harrison, M., & Kesler, S. R. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.04.012 · Cited by 36
“BMI was measured because cytokines such as IL- 6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-18, and IL-1ra are consistently associated with obesity indices in large samples (O'Connor et al., 2009).”
MethodTomfohr, L. M., Edwards, K. M., Madsen, J. W., & Mills, P. J. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12549 · Cited by 33
“, age, gender, BMI, mean arterial pressure [MAP], and depression) (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMiller, B. J., Buckley, P. F., & McEvoy, J. P. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.027 · Cited by 35
Hiles, S. A., Baker, A., de Malmanche, T., McEvoy, M., Boyle, M., & Attia, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9637-2 · Cited by 32
“Many of the indicators of unhealthy behaviour that are observed in people with depression and cardiovascular events also contribute to chronic inflammation, including increased body mass index (BMI) or high waist-to-hip ratio, reduced physical activity, excessive alcohol intake, smoking and poor diet quality (Bonnet e…”
BackgroundUnhealthy lifestyle may increase later depression via inflammation in older women but not men
Hiles, S. A., Baker, A., de Malmanche, T., McEvoy, M., Boyle, M., & Attia, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.010 · Cited by 33
“…lifestyle, including central adiposity, low physical activity, poor diet quality, smoking and alcohol use, are frequently observed in people with depression and also have inflammatory consequences (Hamer et al., 2009a; Lopresti et al., 2013; Milaneschi et al., 2009; O'Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInflammatory biomarkers and emotional approach coping in men with prostate cancer
Hoyt, M. A., Stanton, A. L., Bower, J. E., Thomas, K. S., Litwin, M. S., Breen, E. C., & Irwin, M. R. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.008 · Cited by 34
“Several covariates were identified a priori based on recommendations for treating biobehavioral factors in the assessment of circulating inflammatory markers (O’Connor et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWalsh, C. P., Ewing, L. J., Cleary, J. L., Vaisleib, A. D., Farrell, C. H., Wright, A. G. C., Gray, K., & Marsland, A. L. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.011 · Cited by 34
Boylan, J. M., Cundiff, J. M., Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., & Ryff, C. D. (2020) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000866 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- O’Connor, M.-F., Bower, J. E., Cho, H. J., Creswell, J. D., Dimitrov, S., Hamby, M. E., Hoyt, M. A., Martin, J. L., Robles, T. F., Sloan, E. K., Thomas, K. S., & Irwin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 887-897
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2749909
- OpenAlex
- W2131056323
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588, K23AG028452, P30AG028748, K01AG028404)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079955)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019925, T32 MH 19925, T32MH018399)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA119159)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000865)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- circulating inflammatory markers, biobehavioral factors, psychosocial factors, inflammation, confounding variables, control variables, exclusion criteria, age and sex effects, hormonal status, socioeconomic status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, caffeine, smoking, alcohol, sleep disruption, antidepressants, aspirin
- MeSH terms
- Anticholesteremic Agents, Antihypertensive Agents, Diet, Humans, Inflammation, Interleukins, Physical Fitness, Research Design, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Smoking, Social Class, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Exercise, Epidemiologic Factors, Body Mass Index, Patient Selection, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
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