Brain dendritic cells in ischemic stroke: Time course, activation state, and origin
Open accessAbstract
The immune response to stroke is comprised of inflammatory and regulatory processes. One cell type involved in both innate and adaptive immunity is the dendritic cell (DC). A DC population residing in the healthy brain (bDC) was identified using a transgenic mouse expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) under the promoter for the DC marker, CD11c (CD11c/EYFP Tg). To determine if bDC are involved in the immune response to cerebral ischemia, transient (40 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 6, 24, or 72 h reperfusion was conducted in CD11c/EYFP Tg mice. Our results demonstrated that DC accumulated in the ischemic hemisphere at 24 h post-MCAO-reperfusion, particularly in the border region of the infarct where T lymphocytes accrued. To distinguish resident bDC from the infiltrating peripheral DC, radiation chimeras [1. wild type (WT) hosts restored with CD11c/EYFP Tg bone marrow (BM) or 2. CD11c/EYFP Tg hosts restored with WT BM] were generated and examined by immunocytochemistry. These data confirmed that DC populating the core of the infarct at 72 h were of peripheral origin, whereas those in the border region were comprised primarily of resident bDC. The brain resident (CD45 intermediate) cells of CD11c/EYFP Tg mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. Compared to microglia, bDC displayed increased major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) and co-stimulatory molecules following MCAO-reperfusion. High levels of MHC II and the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 on bDC at 72 h corresponded to peak lymphocyte infiltration, and suggested a functional interaction between these two immune cell populations.
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The neuroprotective and nootropic properties of Semax were previously associated only with events directly relevant to nervous tissues.
“The neuroprotective and nootropic properties of Semax were previously associated only with events that are directly relevant to nervous tissues [2,7,11].”
From The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction and Discussion describe brain dendritic cells and their response to ischemic stroke, not Semax. Searches for Semax, nootropic effects, and neuroprotective peptides found no passage addressing whether Semax’s properties had previously been associated only with events directly relevant to nervous tissue. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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- Authors
- Felger, J. C., Abe, T., Kaunzner, U. W., Gottfried-Blackmore, A., Gal-Toth, J., McEwen, B. S., Iadecola, C., & Bulloch, K.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bulloch, Karen
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 724-737
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2885548
- OpenAlex
- W2020962929
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG016765)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS034179, R01NS035806, NS34179, NS-35806, R37NS034179)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia, dendritic cell origin, MHC class II, microglia, T cell infiltration, CD11c, middle cerebral artery occlusion, reperfusion, radiation chimeras, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brain, Brain Ischemia, Dendritic Cells, Flow Cytometry, Genes, MHC Class II, Immunohistochemistry, Leukocytes, Lymphocyte Activation, Mice, Transgenic, T-Lymphocytes, Time Factors, Microglia, Stroke, CD11c Antigen, Mice
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