Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections
Open accessAbstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood–brain and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the “Trojan horse” mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Influenza infection may enter the brain through several routes or send deleterious signals to the brain via sensory neurons and trigger neuroinflammation or associated chronic alterations in the CNS.
“Influenza infection may enter the brain through several routes [122,123] or send deleterious signals to the brain via sensory neurons [124] and trigger neuroinflammation or associated chronic alterations in the CNS [125].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [123]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says viral brain infection can lead to neuroinflammation and that infection-related inflammation can have chronic CNS consequences. It does not establish these outcomes specifically for influenza; the only influenza mention found is in a reference title. The routes and sensory-neuron clauses are assigned to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMonocytes have been implicated as Trojan horses during viral infections, carrying infectious virus particles to immune-privileged sites and/or to sites protected by the blood-brain barrier.
“It is also interesting that monocytes have been implicated as “Trojan horses” during viral infections, carrying infectious virus particles to immune-privileged sites and/or to sites protected by the blood–brain barrier (reviewed in [123]).”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [123]
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Perspective: host factors variants and the underlying causes of long COVID
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The liver as a potential gate to the brain for encephalitic viruses
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Proposal to Explain the Cause of Long COVID Based on the Concept of Host Factor VariantsPreprint
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Neuroimmune communication: from CNS-resident cell networks to the glioblastoma microenvironment
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- Authors
- Constant, O., Maarifi, G., Blanchet, F. P., Van de Perre, P., Simonin, Y., & Salinas, S.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Simonin, Yannick
- Salinas, Sara
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-04-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 862053-862053
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9072653
- OpenAlex
- W4224300034
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-16-IDEX-0006)
- Région Occitanie Pyrénées-Méditerranée (R19068FF)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- dendritic cells, viral encephalitis, neurovirus infection, blood-brain barrier, blood-CSF barrier, Trojan horse mechanism, neuroinflammation, antiviral immunity, innate and adaptive immunity
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Central Nervous System, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Virus Diseases, Myeloid Cells
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