In vivo dynamics of innate immune sentinels in the CNS
Open accessAbstract
The innate immune system is comprised of cellular sentinels that often serve as the first responders to injury and invading pathogens. Our basic understanding of innate immunity is derived from research conducted in peripheral lymphoid tissues. However, it is now recognized that most non-lymphoid tissues throughout the body are equipped with specialized innate immune cells that are uniquely adapted to the niches in which they reside. The central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly interesting compartment because it contains a population of post-mitotic cells (neurons) that are intolerant of robust, cytopathic inflammatory responses observed in many peripheral tissues. Thus, evolutionary adaptations have fitted the CNS with a unique array of innate immune sentinels that facilitate the development of local inflammatory responses but attempt to do so in a manner that preserves the integrity of its post-mitotic residents. Interestingly, studies have even suggested that CNS resident innate immune cells contribute to the homeostasis of this compartment and promote neural activity. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CNS innate immune sentinels and how novel imaging approaches such as intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) have shed light on these cells during states of health and disease.
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Immune surveillance and the initiation of CNS immune responses is dependent on antigen-presenting cells that reside alongside important barriers such as perivascular spaces, leptomeningeal vessels, the choroid plexus, and the subarachnoid space.
“Immune surveillance and the initiation of CNS immune responses is dependent on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that reside alongside important barriers such as perivascular spaces, leptomeningeal vessels, the choroid plexus, and the subarachnoid space (65-68).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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- [34]Kleinfeld D Mitra PP Helmchen F Denk W Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 95 15741 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.26.15741 9861040 PMC28114 · DOI · Paper page
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Psychobiotics: a new way in psychopharmacology, or How do bacteria manage our brain?
Andreeva, I. V., Tolpygo, A. V., Andreev, V. А., Azyzov, I. S., Golman, I. A., Osipova, N. N., Privolnev, V. V., Stetsiouk, О. U., & Sokolovskaya, V. V. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.36488/cmac.2022.2.108-133 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kwon, W., Yoo, C., Kim, J. H., Kim, T., Kim, A., Hwang, M. H., & Choi, H. (2023) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10589 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
WITHDRAWN: Border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system
Sun, R., & Jiang, H. (2024) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2024.109921 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RetractedImmune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Mediated Aseptic Meningitis and Hypophysitis
Bleik, P., Fangsaard, P., & Yuklyaeva, N. (2025) · Case Reports in Oncological Medicine · doi:10.1155/crom/3517328 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xia, J., Sun, C., Su, T., Xia, S.-Y., Zhao, S.-Z., & Zhang, Y.-M. (2025) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151251388041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Toll-Like Receptor 3-Agonist as Promising Candidate in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
Gambuzza, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology · doi:10.4172/2155-9899.1000339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lamanna, J. J., Gutierrez, J., Espinosa, J. R., Wagner, J. L., Urquia, L. N., Moreton, C. L., Hurtig, C. V., Tora, M. S., Kirk, A. D., Federici, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.033 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Microglia and border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system
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Intravital Microscopy in Mammalian Organisms: From Tissue Physiology to Cell Biology
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Studies on the Development and Consequences of Neuroinflammation in Obesity
Buckman, L. B. (2014)
- Authors
- Nayak, D., Zinselmeyer, B. H., Corps, K. N., & McGavern, D. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGavern, Dorian B.
- Venue
- IntraVital
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-106
- ISSN
- 2165-9079 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-9087
- PMC
- PMC3784260
- OpenAlex
- W1965769215
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- IntraVital (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (ZIANS003112)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- innate immunity, central nervous system, neuroinflammation, intravital imaging, two-photon microscopy, CNS homeostasis, neuroimmune interactions, postmitotic neurons, neuroinflammation imaging
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