A formal analysis of cytokine networks in chronic fatigue syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a complex illness affecting 4 million Americans for which no characteristic lesion has been identified. Instead of searching for a deficiency in any single marker, we propose that CFS is associated with a profound imbalance in the regulation of immune function forcing a departure from standard pre-programmed responses. To identify these imbalances we apply network analysis to the co-expression of 16 cytokines in CFS subjects and healthy controls. Concentrations of IL-1a, 1b, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17 and 23, IFN-γ, lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) and TNF-α were measured in the plasma of 40 female CFS and 59 case-matched controls. Cytokine co-expression networks were constructed from the pair-wise mutual information (MI) patterns found within each subject group. These networks differed in topology significantly more than expected by chance with the CFS network being more hub-like in design. Analysis of local modularity isolated statistically distinct cytokine communities recognizable as pre-programmed immune functional components. These showed highly attenuated Th1 and Th17 immune responses in CFS. High Th2 marker expression but weak interaction patterns pointed to an established Th2 inflammatory milieu. Similarly, altered associations in CFS provided indirect evidence of diminished NK cell responsiveness to IL-12 and LT-α stimulus. These observations are consistent with several processes active in latent viral infection and would not have been uncovered by assessing marker expression alone. Furthermore this analysis identifies key sub-networks such as IL-2:IFN-γ:TNF-α that might be targeted in restoring normal immune function.
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Enforcing documented co-regulatory structure to the 8 exercise-responsive markers confirmed elevated expression in ME/CFS at rest of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6.
“For example, enforcing documented co-regulatory structure to the 8 exercise responsive markers identified in this data and described above confirmed elevated expression in ME/CFS at rest of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 as reported previously by our group4.”
From Leveraging Prior Knowledge of Endocrine Immune Regulation in the Therapeutically-relevant Phenotyping of Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Controlling for documented regulatory mechanisms suggests IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ may be lower in ME/CFS subjects at rest in the context of joint marker expression, whereas previously reported unchanged on average.
“Indeed, controlling in the context of documented regulatory mechanisms suggests here that IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-γ expression, previously reported as unchanged on average between groups4, may in fact be lower in ME/CFS subjects at rest in the context of joint marker expression.”
From Leveraging Prior Knowledge of Endocrine Immune Regulation in the Therapeutically-relevant Phenotyping of Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In previous work, relatively high intragroup variability in cytokine expression was observed (MAD/median > 0.50), especially in the ME/CFS group.
“In this same previous work, relatively high intragroup variability in cytokine expression was observed (Median absolute deviation / median > 0.50), especially in the ME/CFS group.”
From Leveraging Prior Knowledge of Endocrine Immune Regulation in the Therapeutically-relevant Phenotyping of Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results (§3.2; page unavailable) use within-group cytokine variability to construct networks, but do not quantify variability in expression or say it was especially high in CFS. Searches for the median absolute deviation-to-median ratio and the claimed intragroup comparison found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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- Authors
- Broderick, G., Fuite, J., Kreitz, A., Vernon, S. D., Klimas, N., & Fletcher, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Solve ME/CFS Initiative (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Broderick, Gordon
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1209-1217
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2939140
- OpenAlex
- W1981982266
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 12.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA016636, R21AA016635)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI065723)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- chronic fatigue syndrome, immune dysregulation, Th2 immune response, IL-12, lymphotoxin, viral latency, network topology, network hubs, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, TNF-α
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Interleukins, Killer Cells, Natural, Lymphotoxin-alpha, Middle Aged, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Signal Transduction, Biomarkers, Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Th1 Cells, Models, Immunological, Th17 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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