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IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of immune and inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis of seizures. In particular, activation of innate immune mechanisms and the subsequent inflammatory responses, that are induced in the brain by infection, febrile seizures, neurotrauma, stroke are well documented conditions associated with acute symptomatic seizures and with a high risk of developing epilepsy. A decade ago, pharmacological experiments showed that elevated brain levels of the anti-inflammatory molecule IL-1 receptor antagonist reduced seizures in epilepsy models. This observation, together with the evidence of in situ induction of inflammatory mediators and their receptors in experimental and human epileptogenic brain tissue, established the proof-of-concept evidence that the activation of innate immunity and inflammation in the brain are intrinsic features of the pathologic hyperexcitable tissue. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the molecular organization of the innate immune system first in macrophages, then in the different cell types of the CNS, together with pharmacological and genetic studies in epilepsy models, showed that the activation of IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling significantly contributes to seizures. IL-1R/TLR mediated pro-excitatory actions are elicited in the brain either by mimicking bacterial or viral infections and inflammatory responses, or via the action of endogenous ligands. These ligands include proinfl…
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“In particular, both in vitro and in vivo data, point to the role of astrocytes as a major source and/or targets of pro-epileptogenic inflammatory signaling, such as the interleukin(IL)-1, High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways [1], [3], [6]–[9].”
From MicroRNA-146a: A Key Regulator of Astrocyte-Mediated Inflammatory Response (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
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Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury
Zhang, Q., Raoof, M., Chen, Y., Sumi, Y., Sursal, T., Junger, W., Brohi, K., Itagaki, K., & Hauser, C. J. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08780 · Cited by 3,812
DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger
Bianchi, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0306164 · Cited by 2,794
The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling
O'Neill, L. A. J., & Bowie, A. G. (2007) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2079 · Cited by 2,667
TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes
Jack, C. S., Arbour, N., Manusow, J., Montgrain, V., Blain, M., McCrea, E., Shapiro, A., & Antel, J. P. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4320 · Cited by 734 · cited 2×
“…in the medium or due to cell preparation procedures which may mechanically activate them, the in vivo pattern of expression of the TLR receptors appears to be mostly restricted to TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 both in rodents and in human tissue (Bsibsi et al., 2002; Jack et al., 2005; Okun et al., 2009).”
Systemic inflammatory cells fight off neurodegenerative disease
Schwartz, M., & Shechter, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.71 · Cited by 240
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Self-citationSeizure-induced brain-borne inflammation sustains seizure recurrence and blood-brain barrier damage
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vezzani, A., Maroso, M., Balosso, S., Sanchez, M.-A., & Bartfai, T.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1281-1289
- ISSN
- 0889-1591
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 6
- Language
- en
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