Serum and gene expression profile of cytokines in first-episode psychosis
Open accessAbstract
An inflammatory syndrome has been previously reported in chronic schizophrenia. The aims of this study were to investigate: (1) serum levels and leukocyte gene expression of cytokines in patients with first-episode psychosis and controls; and (2) possible causes of abnormal cytokine levels in first-episode psychosis, testing their association with psychosocial stressors, current nicotine and cannabis use, and duration of antipsychotic treatment. We recruited 24 first-episode psychosis patients and 24 healthy controls matched for age, gender, ethnicity and body mass index. Serum interleukin(IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Tumour Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α), Interferon- γ (IFN-γ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were analysed in all subjects. Leukocyte gene expression analyses were conducted only for those cytokines that were different between-groups in the serum analyses. Patients had significantly higher serum levels of IL-1α (effect size d=0.6, p=0.03), IL-1β (d=0.4, p=0.01), IL-8 (d=0.6, p=0.01) and TNF-α (d=0.7, p=0.05) and a trend for higher IL-6 serum levels (d=0.3, p=0.09) when compared with controls. Leukocyte m-RNA levels of IL-1α (d=0.6, p=0.04), IL-6 (d=0.7, p=0.01) and TNF-α (d=1.6, p<0.001), but not IL-1β and IL-8, were also significantly higher in patients. A history of childhood trauma was associated with higher TNF-α serum levels (p=0.01), while more recent stressful life-events were associated with higher TNF-α mRNA levels in leukocytes (p=0.002). In conclusion, first-episode psychosis is characterised by a pro-inflammatory state supported, at least in part, by activation of leukocytes. Past and recent stressors contribute to this pro-inflammatory state.
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An activated inflammatory system is relevant for patients with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, by affecting physical health, brain structure, clinical outcome and the action of antipsychotics.
“an activated inflammatory system is also relevant for patients with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, by affecting physical health, brain structure, clinical outcome and the action of antipsychotics”
From Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation (2017) · cites this paper as Di Nicola et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Di Nicola, M., Cattaneo, A., Hepgul, N., Di Forti, M., Aitchison, K. J., Janiri, L., Murray, R. M., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C. M., & Mondelli, V.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Mondelli, Valeria
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 31
- Pages
- 90-95
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3675681
- OpenAlex
- W2036825944
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2008-17-005)
- British Heart Foundation
- Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS-SGCL5-Mondelli)
- European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Medical Research Council (MR/J002739/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- first-episode psychosis, cytokines, inflammation, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-α, leukocyte gene expression, childhood trauma, psychosocial stress, nicotine use, cannabis use, antipsychotic treatment duration, proinflammatory state
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Gene Expression, Cytokines
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