Maternal stress, nutrition and physical activity: Impact on immune function, CNS development and psychopathology
Abstract
Evidence suggests that maternal and fetal immune dysfunction may impact fetal brain development and could play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders, although the definitive pathophysiological mechanisms are still not completely understood. Stress, malnutrition and physical inactivity are three maternal behavioral lifestyle factors that can influence immune and central nervous system (CNS) functions in both the mother and fetus, and may therefore, increase risk for neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders. First, we will briefly review some aspects of maternal-fetal immune system interactions and development of immune tolerance. Second, we will discuss the bidirectional communication between the immune system and CNS and the pathways by which immune dysfunction could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders. Third, we will discuss the effects of prenatal stress and malnutrition (over and undernutrition) on perinatal programming of the CNS and immune system, and how this might influence neurodevelopment. Finally, we will discuss the beneficial impact of physical fitness during pregnancy on the maternal-fetal unit and infant and how regular physical activity and exercise can be an effective buffer against stress- and inflammatory-related disorders. Although regular physical activity has been shown to promote neuroplasticity and an anti-inflammatory state in the adult, there is a paucity of studies evaluating its impact on CNS and immune function during pregnancy. Implementing stress reduction, proper nutrition and ample physical activity during pregnancy and the childbearing period may be an efficient strategy to counteract the impact of maternal stress and malnutrition/obesity on the developing fetus. Such behavioral interventions could have an impact on early development of the CNS and immune system and contribute to the prevention of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to elucidate this relationship and the underlying mechanisms of protection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroimmunology in Health And Disease.
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Activity restriction can be accompanied by depression, anxiety, stress, and boredom during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
“Regarding the psychosocial area, activity restriction can be accompanied by a myriad of side-effects that may be present both during pregnancy and the postpartum period: depression, anxiety, stress, and boredom might be present [36,37].”
From Activity Restriction and Hospitalization in Pregnancy: Can Bed-Rest Exercise Prevent Deconditioning? A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
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Osendarp, S. J. M., van Raaij, J. M., Darmstadt, G. L., Baqui, A. H., HAUTVAST, J. G. A. J., & Fuchs, G. J. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04260-4 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Immunology of Bipolar Disorder
Barbosa, I. G., Machado‐Vieira, R., Soares, J. C., & Teixeira, A. L. (2014) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000356539 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Physical Activity on Cognition - Physiological Mechanisms
Gligoroska, J. P., & Manchevska, S. (2012) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2012.24.198-202 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
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Abbott, P. W., Gumusoglu, S. B., Bittle, J., Beversdorf, D. Q., & Stevens, H. E. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.019 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Crovetto, F., Nakaki, A., Arranz, A., Borras, R., Vellvé, K., Paules, C., Boutet, M. L., Castro-Barquero, S., Freitas, T., Casas, R., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30255 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Marques, A. H., Oliveira, P. A., Scomparini, L. B., Silva, U. M. R. E., Silva, A. C., Doretto, V., Medeiros Filho, M. V. D., & Scivoletto, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00102 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPalacio, M., & Mottola, M. F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021454 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Regarding the psychosocial area, activity restriction can be accompanied by a myriad of side-effects that may be present both during pregnancy and the postpartum period: depression, anxiety, stress, and boredom might be present [36,37].”
Background
- Authors
- Marques, A. H., Bjørke-Monsen, A.-L., Teixeira, A. L., & Silverman, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marques, Andrea Horvath
- ORCID
- Teixeira, Antônio L.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 1617
- Pages
- 28-46
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060414598
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 306
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness (CSF2, HT9404-12-1-0017, F191GJ)
- and the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, Brazil
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- maternal stress, prenatal stress, maternal malnutrition, maternal obesity, exercise during pregnancy, maternal-fetal immune interaction, immune tolerance, neurodevelopmental disorders, psychopathology, perinatal programming, neuroinflammation, neuroplasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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