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Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry
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This study aimed to assess and compare the immediate stress and psychological impact experienced by people with and without psychiatric illnesses during the peak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic with strict lockdown measures. Seventy-six psychiatric patients and 109 healthy control subjects were recruited from Chongqing, China and completed a survey on demographic data, physical symptoms during the past 14 days and a range of psychiatric symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS-21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. The mean IES-R, DASS-21 anxiety, depression and stress subscale and ISI scores were higher in psychiatric patients than healthy controls (p < 0.001). Serious worries about their physical health, anger and impulsivity and intense suicidal ideation were significantly higher in psychiatric patients than healthy controls (p < 0.05). More than one-third of psychiatric patients might fulfil the diagnostic criteria post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More than one-quarter of psychiatric patients suffered from moderately severe to severe insomnia. Respondents who reported no change, poor or worse physical health status and had a psychiatric illness were significantly more likely to have higher mean IES-R, DASS depression, anxiety and stress subscale scores and ISI scores (p < 0.05). This study confirms the severity of negative psychological impact on psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 epidemic with strict lockdown measures. Understanding the psychological impact on psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to provide insight into how to develop a new immunopsychiatry service. Further research is required to compare pro-inflammatory cytokines between psychiatric patients and healthy controls during the pandemic.
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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“So far, data clearly indicate disproportional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (16–18), even a potentially increased suicide risk (18), and an increase of adversities (19) in patients suffering from mental health disorders.”
From Radical Acceptance of Reality: Putting DBT®-A Skill Groups Online During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
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“DASS was previously used in research related to SARS (McAlonan et al., 2007) and COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020a,b).”
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“DASS was previously used in research related to SARS (McAlonan et al., 2007) and COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020a,b).”
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“Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of these psychoneuroimmunity preventive strategies to enhance resilience (Ho et al., 2020).”
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“Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic has a sudden and massive impact on health care infrastructure, transportation, daily activity, freedom of movement, and distribution of medical resources globally (Gautam and Sharma, 2020; Joob and Wiwanitkit, 2020; Simpson and Katsanis, 2020).”
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Post-COVID syndrome in psychiatric practice
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COVID-19 and the central nervous system: What is the interplay?
El‐Fadeal, N. M. A., Anber, S. A., Elkot, H. A., Maged, G., Saeed, I. A., Negm, M. M., Abdelsamad, M. A., El-bakri, A., & Mohamed, W. M. Y. (2022) · Neuroscience Research Notes · doi:10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i4.155 · Cited by 1
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YASMIN, S., Syed, W., SALEEM, A., Farid, W. Z., & NASEEM, S. (2023) · Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v2023i1.594
Tam, W., Ho, R., Ho, C. S. H., Hao, F., Tan, W., & Ho, R. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.019 · Cited by 1
“” (Hao et al., 2020) Therefore, we believe most could understand that it was a comparative study between the cases (i.”
Self-citationValidation and Psychometric Properties of the Sri Lankan Versions of the Fear of COVID-19 ScalePreprint
Kanchana, T. G., Jayamanne, B. D. W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1387004/v1 · Cited by 1
Music's manifold emotions for mental well-being: a topological approachPreprint
Darcourt, J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3602878/v1 · Cited by 1
Kwon, S. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4595482/v1 · Cited by 1
“While risk perception during the pandemic has primarily focused on the general population in the extant literature, some studies highlighted the prevalence of intensi�ed risk perception among psychiatric patients [10, 17].”
Prevalence and predictors of psychological response during immediate covid-19 pandemiaPreprint
Cansel, N., Ucuz, İ., Arslan, A. K., Tetik, B. K., Çolak, C., Melez, A. N. P., Gümüştakım, R. Ş., Ceylan, S., Öztürk, G. Z., rk, Y. K. L. Z., et al. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.159769413.38035384
COVID-19 Pandemic and Anxiety Related Factors in Patients Treated in the Emergency Department
Durak, V. A., Günay, Ş., Sığırlı, D., Akova, B., & Armağan, E. (2020) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2020.16.0051
The psychiatric impact of coronavirus infection in the population
Leon-Constantin, M., Maștaleru, A., Abdulan, I., Mitu, O., Oancea, A., Zota, M., & Mitu, F. (2020) · Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry · doi:10.36219/bpi.2020.3.02
“Improved access to tele-psychiatric services, home delivery of psychotropic drugs and online psychiatric first aid resources play a key role in minimizing the severity of psychiatric symptoms (8, 9).”
O FARDO DA PANDEMIA: SAÚDE MENTAL NOS TEMPOS DO COVID-19
Akerman, L. P. F., & Vallois, E. C. (2020) · Editora Omnis Scietia eBooks · doi:10.47094/978-65-88958-06-3.434-
Khanra, S., Sahoo, R. R., Bose, S., Kumari, R., Khess, C. R. J., & Munda, S. K. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102462
RetractedPitanupong, J. (2020) · Siriraj Medical Journal/San Sirirat · doi:10.33192/smj.2021.01
Mass media – risk and protective factor against suicidal behaviour in the COVID-19 pandemic
Cozman, D., Herţa, D.-C., TRIFU, R. N., & Coman, H. (2020) · Psihiatru ro · doi:10.26416/psih.63.4.2020.3952
Non COVID Symptoms and its Impact on Quality of Life among the Professionals Residing at Pune City
Ramesh, S. (2021) · Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology · doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v15i1.13784
Ren, X., Huang, W., Pan, H., Wang, X., Huang, T., & Ma, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-156800/v1
Ishikawa, R. Z., Gatchel, J. R., Rowlett, S., Davidow, J. B., Kwon, A., Ahn, J., Cremens, C. M., Dayanand, T., Han, H., Zurek, O., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.01.122
Dossan, Z. (2021) · European Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.7176/ejbm/13-6-09
“A plethora of researches have shown that the pandemic has led to increased psychological as well as economic stress on the healthcare personnel as well as business entrepreneur (Tan et al., 2020; Hao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Chumakov, E. M., Azarova, L. A., & Васильевич, Л. О. (2021) · Neurology Bulletin · doi:10.17816/nb58048
Le nouveau coronavirus : du délire au désir
Kiakos, D., Michaud, L., & Pamfile, D. (2021) · Cliniques · doi:10.3917/clini.021.0192
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Ferrara, M., Langiano, E., Falese, L., Marco, A. D., & Vito, E. D. (2021) · International Electronic Conference on Environmental Research and Public Health (ECERPH) · doi:10.3390/ecerph-3-09021
COVID 19 and Myriad of Psychological Problems in Indian Context
Umaiorubagam, G. S., Ravikumar, M., & Eswaran, S. R. S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98768
“Specified the customary gender role prospect of caregiving from women, and unavailability of residence help throughout the lockdown, women felt entirely unconfirmed by the relatives as they demeanor the family household tasks [15].”
A remote self-directed psychological intervention for the public: The PAUSE programme protocol
Stafford, O., Prendergast, C., Berry, A., Breslin, N. P., Murphy, E., Gillan, D., Godfrey, E., Barrett, K., Taylor, L. K., Shevlin, M. E., et al. (2021) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13363.1
“vulnerable populations, but must also be inclusive of the general public, with an ultimate goal being to support as many individuals as possible, in line with stepped models of care (Hao et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
Dutta, R. (2021) · International Journal of Studies in Psychology · doi:10.51986/ijspsy-2021.vol1.02.01
Scattoni, M. L., Starace, F., de Girolamo, G., & Xia, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.640205
Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health of Adults with Autism in India
Javed, A., & Roy, R. (2021) · Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinions · doi:10.38192/14.3.4
“Various studies have reported an increase in psychological distress and most relevant psychological presentations as uncertainties and fears (3), pervasive anxiety (4), and disabling loneliness (5).”
InfluentialMohammadian, F., Moghadamnia, M., Talebi, A., & Mohebbi, N. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Care · doi:10.18502/jpc.v9i3.7374
COVID-19 Pandemic: A Consequential Global Hazard to Public Mental Health
Mohan, P., Anusree, M., & Nikitha, B. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International · doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i44b32693
“considerably more likely to be endorsed by them, along with this Psychiatric patients may see a decline in mental health services as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak [32].”
Čepulienė, A. A., Dadašev, S., Grigienė, D., Marcinkevičiūtė, M., Uržaitė, G., Rimkevičienė, J., & Umbrasaitė, I. (2021) · Psichologija · doi:10.15388/psichol.2021.38
Metadata
- Authors
- Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W.
- Affiliations
- First People's Hospital of Chongqing (CN)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Army Medical University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- National University Health System (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 100-106
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7184991
- OpenAlex
- W3020448761
- Cited by
- 968
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 257 · 2021: 332 · 2020: 171
- FWCI
- 86.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vingroup Innovation Foundation
- National University of Singapore (VINIF.2020.Covid19.DA07, R-722-000-004-731)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, psychiatric patients, psychiatric symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress, suicidal ideation, immunopsychiatry, physical health status, inflammatory cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, China, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychoneuroimmunology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Case-Control Studies, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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