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Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry

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Hao, Fengyi, Tan, Wanqiu, Jiang, Li, Zhang, Ling, Zhao, Xinling, Zou, Yiran, Hu, Yirong, Luo, Xi, Jiang, Xiaojiang, McIntyre, Roger S., Tran, Bach, Sun, Jiaqian, Zhang, Zhisong, Ho, Roger, Ho, Cyrus, Tam, Wilson·2020·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069PMC PMC7184991

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess and compare the immediate stress and psychological impact experienced by people with and without psychiatric illnesses during the peak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic with strict lockdown measures. Seventy-six psychiatric patients and 109 healthy control subjects were recruited from Chongqing, China and completed a survey on demographic data, physical symptoms during the past 14 days and a range of psychiatric symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS-21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. The mean IES-R, DASS-21 anxiety, depression and stress subscale and ISI scores were higher in psychiatric patients than healthy controls (p < 0.001). Serious worries about their physical health, anger and impulsivity and intense suicidal ideation were significantly higher in psychiatric patients than healthy controls (p < 0.05). More than one-third of psychiatric patients might fulfil the diagnostic criteria post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More than one-quarter of psychiatric patients suffered from moderately severe to severe insomnia. Respondents who reported no change, poor or worse physical health status and had a psychiatric illness were significantly more likely to have higher mean IES-R, DASS depression, anxiety and stress subscale scores and ISI scores (p < 0.05). This study confirms the severity of negative psychological impact on psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 epidemic with strict lockdown measures. Understanding the psychological impact on psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to provide insight into how to develop a new immunopsychiatry service. Further research is required to compare pro-inflammatory cytokines between psychiatric patients and healthy controls during the pandemic.

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Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China
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“Self-acceptance also protects the person from stressful conditions such as substandard performance, disparaging comments from coworkers, problems with body image, and other difficulties that could have occurred (Hao et al., 2020b).”
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Sarinas, B. G. S., Cangrejo, C. H., & Tan, V. S. (2023) · American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation · doi:10.54536/ajmri.v2i4.1918
“Several early research on COVID-19’s psychological impacts revealed a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress (Wang et al., 2020), sleeplessness (Hao et al., 2020), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Tan et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020) to humans.”
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Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor to Psychopathology
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Authors: Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W.
Affiliations: First People's Hospital of Chongqing (CN)
National University of Singapore (SG)
Army Medical University (CN)
University Health Network (CA)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
Huaibei Normal University (CN)
National University Health System (SG)
Corresponding author: Ho, Roger
ORCID: Hao, Fengyi
Zhang, Ling
Zhao, Xinling
Hu, Yirong
Luo, Xi
McIntyre, Roger S.
Tran, Bach
Sun, Jiaqian
Zhang, Zhisong
Ho, Roger
Ho, Cyrus
Tam, Wilson
Venue: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-07
Volume: 87
Pages: 100-106
ISSN: 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069
PMC: PMC7184991
OpenAlex: W3020448761
Cited by: 968
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 257 · 2021: 332 · 2020: 171
FWCI: 86.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Vingroup Innovation Foundation
National University of Singapore (VINIF.2020.Covid19.DA07, R-722-000-004-731)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, psychiatric patients, psychiatric symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress, suicidal ideation, immunopsychiatry, physical health status, inflammatory cytokines
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, China, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychoneuroimmunology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Case-Control Studies, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics

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Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry

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