Selectivity of ABT-089 for α4β2* and α6β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain

Marks, Michael J.; Wageman, Charles R.; Grady, Sharon R.; Gopalakrishnan, Murali; Briggs, Clark A.

doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.022

Cited by 30Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudyNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchSmoking Behavior and Cessation

Selectivity of ABT-089 for α4β2* and α6β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain

Open access

Marks, Michael J., Wageman, Charles R., Grady, Sharon R., Gopalakrishnan, Murali, Briggs, Clark A.·2009·Biochemical Pharmacology

DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.022PMC PMC2772152

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Numerous pharmaceutical efforts have targeted neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) for amelioration of cognitive deficits. While alpha4beta2 and alpha7 are the more prominent nAChR in brain, other heteromeric nAChR can have important impact on agonist pharmacology. ABT-089 is a pioneer nAChR agonist found to enhance cognitive function with an exceptionally low incidence of adverse effects. To further investigate the mechanism of action of ABT-089, we evaluated its function in mouse brain preparations in which we have characterized the subunit composition of native nAChR. Among alpha4beta2*-nAChR, ABT-089 had partial agonist activity (7-23% of nicotine) and high selectivity for alpha4alpha5beta2 nAChR as evidenced by loss of activity in thalamus of alpha5(-/-) mice. ABT-089 stimulated [(3)H]-dopamine release (57%) exceeded the activity at alpha4beta2* nAChR, that could be explained by the activity at alpha6beta2* nAChR. The concentration-response relationship for ABT-089 stimulation of alpha6beta2* nAChR was biphasic. EC(50) and efficacy values for ABT-089, respectively, were 28 microM and 98% at the less sensitive alpha6beta2* nAChR and 0.11 microM and 36% at the more sensitive subtype (the most sensitive target for ABT-089 identified to date). ABT-089 had essentially no agonist or antagonist activity at concentrations <or=300 microM at alpha3beta4-nAChR measured by [(3)H]-acetylcholine release from interpeduncular nucleus. Thus, ABT-089 is a beta2* nAChR ligand with demonstrable agonist activity at alpha4beta2* and alpha6beta2* receptors. As one form of alpha6beta2* nAChR is sensitive to sub-muM concentrations, we propose that this receptor in particular may contribute to the enhanced cognitive performance following low doses of ABT-089.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.022

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A subset of a6-containing nAChRs (a6b2b3*) regulates sustained release on dopamine nerve terminals.
“Finally, a subset of a6-containing nAChRs (a6b2b3*) regulates sustained release on dopamine nerve terminals and, therefore, may provide the efficacy through which both short-term and long-term ABT-089 alleviate withdrawal symptoms (Marks et al., 2009).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Marks et al., 2009

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function
Hogg, R. C., Raggenbass, M., & Bertrand, D. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/s10254-003-0005-1 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Desensitization of neuronal nicotinic receptors
Quick, M. W., & Lester, R. A. J. (2002) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.10109 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Alternate stoichiometries of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Nelson, M. E., Kuryatov, A., Choi, C. H., Zhou, Y., & Lindstrom, J. (2003) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.63.2.332 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Subunit Composition and Pharmacology of Two Classes of Striatal Presynaptic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Mediating Dopamine Release in Mice
Salminen, O., Murphy, K. L., McIntosh, J. M., Drago, J., Marks, M. J., Collins, A. C., & Grady, S. R. (2004) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.65.6.1526 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Self-citation
Extraneuronal cholinergic system in lymphocytes
Kawashima, K. (2000) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00071-6 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Heeschen, C., Weis, M., Aicher, A., Dimmeler, S., & Cooke, J. P. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci14676 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Crucial role of α4 and α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from ventral tegmental area in systemic nicotine self-administration
Pons, S., Fattore, L., Cossu, G., Tolu, S., Porcu, E., McIntosh, J. M., Changeux, J. P., Maskos, U., & Fratta, W. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3918-08.2008 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Heeschen, C., Weis, M., Aicher, A., Dimmeler, S., & Cooke, J. P. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0214676 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic terminals of mouse striatum
Grady, S. R., Salminen, O., Laverty, D. C., Whiteaker, P., McIntosh, J. M., Collins, A. C., & Marks, M. J. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.032 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human α6 AChR subtypes: subunit composition, assembly, and pharmacological responses
Kuryatov, A., Olale, F., Cooper, J., Choi, C. H., & Lindstrom, J. M. (2000) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00144-1 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Rodent Habenulo–Interpeduncular Pathway Expresses a Large Variety of Uncommon nAChR Subtypes, But Only the α3β4 and α3β3β4 Subtypes Mediate Acetylcholine Release
Grady, S. R., Moretti, M., Zoli, M., Marks, M. J., Zanardi, A., Pucci, L., Clementi, F., & Gotti, C. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5121-08.2009 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citation
Four Pharmacologically Distinct Subtypes of α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Expressed in Xenopus laevisOocytes
Zwart, R., & Vijverberg, H. P. M. (1998) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.54.6.1124 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Comparative distribution of nicotinic receptor subtypes during development, adulthood and aging: an autoradiographic study in the rat brain
Tribollet, E., Bertrand, D., Marguerat, A., & Raggenbass, M. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.028 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Roles of Accessory Subunits in α4β2* Nicotinic Receptors
Kuryatov, A., Onksen, J., & Lindstrom, J. (2008) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.108.046789 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Expression in Sensory Neurons of the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion: Demonstration of α3β4, a Novel Subtype in the Mammalian Nervous System
Flores, C. M., DeCamp, R. M., Kilo, S., Rogers, S. W., & Hargreaves, K. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-24-07892.1996 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Human α4β2 Acetylcholine Receptors Formed from Linked Subunits
Zhou, Y., Nelson, M. E., Kuryatov, A., Choi, C., Cooper, J., & Lindstrom, J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-27-09004.2003 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Express Multiple Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes
Genzen, J. R., Cleve, W. V., & McGehee, D. S. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1773 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Focus on cognition
Wilens, T. E., & Decker, M. W. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.002 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Nicotinic agonists stimulate acetylcholine release from mouse interpeduncular nucleus: a function mediated by a different nAChR than dopamine release from striatum
Grady, S. R., Meinerz, N. M., Cao, J., Reynolds, A. M., Picciotto, M. R., Changeux, J., McIntosh, J. M., Marks, M. J., & Collins, A. C. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00019.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Pharmacology of α-Conotoxin MII-Sensitive Subtypes of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Isolated by Breeding of Null Mutant Mice
Salminen, O., Drapeau, J. A., McIntosh, J. M., Collins, A. C., Marks, M. J., & Grady, S. R. (2007) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.106.031492 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developmental regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors within midbrain dopamine neurons
Azam, L., Chen, Y., & Leslie, F. M. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.011 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Two pharmacologically distinct components of nicotinic receptor-mediated rubidium efflux in mouse brain require the beta2 subunit.
Marks, M. J., Whiteaker, P., Calcaterra, J., Stitzel, J. A., Bullock, A. E., Grady, S. R., Picciotto, M. R., Changeux, J., & Collins, A. C. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation
Central Role of Fibroblast α3 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Mediating Cutaneous Effects of Nicotine
Arredondo, J., Hall, L. L., Ndoye, A., Nguyen, V. T., Chernyavsky, A. I., Bercovich, D., Orr‐Urtreger, A., Beaudet, A. L., & Grando, S. A. (2003) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1097/01.lab.0000053917.46614.12 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Knock-out and Knock-in Mice to Investigate the Role of Nicotinic Receptors in the Central Nervous System
Champtiaux, N., & Changeux, J. (2002) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1568007023339247 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in autonomic ganglia: lessons from knockout mice
Wang, N., Orr‐Urtreger, A., & Korczyn, A. D. (2002) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00106-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Nicotinic α5 subunit deletion locally reduces high‐affinity agonist activation without altering nicotinic receptor numbers
Brown, R. W. B., Collins, A. C., Lindstrom, J. M., & Whiteaker, P. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04700.x · Cited by 88 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Indeed, it has previously been reported that deletion of the α5 subunit elicited a larger decrease in efflux in thalamus than in the other regions [5], suggesting that ABT-089 may act through α4α5β2-nAChR selectively compared to α4β2 nAChR.”
Influential
ABT-089 [2-methyl-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine dihydrochloride]: II. A novel cholinergic channel modulator with effects on cognitive performance in rats and monkeys
Decker, M. W., Bannon, A. W., Curzon, P., Gunther, K. L., Brioni, J. D., Holladay, M. W., Lin, N.-H., Li, Y., Daanen, J. F., Buccafusco, J. J., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37015-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Non-neuronal nicotinic alpha 7 receptor, a new endothelial target for revascularization
Li, X., & Wang, H. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.031 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Rat Superior Cervical and Nodose Ganglia
Mao, D., Yasuda, R. P., Fan, H., Wolfe, B. B., & Kellar, K. J. (2006) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.106.027458 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
ABT-089 [2-Methyl-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine]: I. A Potent and Selective Cholinergic Channel Modulator with Neuroprotective Properties
Sullivan, J. P., Donnelly‐Roberts, D. L., Briggs, C. A., Anderson, D. J., Gopalakrishnan, M., Xue, I. C., Piattoni-Kaplan, M., Molinari, E. J., Campbell, J. E., McKenna, D. G., et al. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37014-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
Two Pharmacologically Distinct Components of Nicotinic Receptor-Mediated Rubidium Efflux in Mouse Brain Require the β2 Subunit
Marks, M. J., Whiteaker, P., Calcaterra, J., Stitzel, J. A., Bullock, A. E., Grady, S. R., Picciotto, M. R., Changeux, J.-P., & Collins, A. C. (1999) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)38240-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
ABT-089: pharmacological properties of a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist for the potential treatment of cognitive disorders
Rueter, L. E., Anderson, D. J., Briggs, C. A., Donnelly‐Roberts, D. L., Gintant, G. A., Gopalakrishnan, M., Lin, N., Osinski, M. A., Reinhart, G. A., Buckley, M. J., et al. (2004) · CNS Drug Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00011.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Partial Deletion of the Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor α4 or β2 Subunit Genes Changes the Acetylcholine Sensitivity of Receptor-Mediated 86Rb+ Efflux in Cortex and Thalamus and Alters Relative Expression of α4 and β2 Subunits
Gotti, C., Moretti, M., Meinerz, N. M., Clementi, F., Gaimarri, A., Collins, A. C., & Marks, M. J. (2008) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.108.045203 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nicotinic agonists differ in activation and desensitization of 86Rb+ efflux from mouse thalamic synaptosomes.
Marks, M. J., Robinson, S. F., & Collins, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)13086-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Desensitization of Nicotine‐Stimulated <sup>86</sup>Rb<sup>+</sup> Efflux from Mouse Brain Synaptosomes
Marks, M. J., Grady, S. R., Yang, J., Lippiello, P. M., & Collins, A. C. (1994) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63062125.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
The neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors α4* and α6* differentially modulate dopamine release in mouse striatal slices
Meyer, E. L., Yoshikami, D., & McIntosh, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05266.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Deletion of the α7, β2, or β4 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit Genes Identifies Highly Expressed Subtypes with Relatively Low Affinity for [3H]Epibatidine
Marks, M. J., Whiteaker, P., & Collins, A. C. (2006) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.106.025338 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Knockout and knockin mice to investigate the role of nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system
Champtiaux, N., & Changeux, J. (2004) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(03)45016-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stimulation of dopamine release by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands in rat brain slices correlates with the profile of high, but not low, sensitivity α4β2 subunit combination
Anderson, D. J., Malysz, J., Grønlien, J. H., El Kouhen, R., Håkerud, M., Wetterstrand, C., Briggs, C. A., & Gopalakrishnan, M. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Heterologous Expression of Human α6β4β3α5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Binding Properties Consistent with Their Natural Expression Require Quaternary Subunit Assembly Including the α5 Subunit
Grinevich, V. P., Letchworth, S. R., Lindenberger, K. A., Ménager, J., Mary, V., Sadieva, K. A., Buhlman, L. M., Böhme, G. A., Pradier, L., Bénavidès, J., et al. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.104.075069 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Study of the calcium dynamics of the human α4β2, α3β4 and α1β1γδ nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Michelmore, S., Croskery, K., Nozulak, J., Hoyer, D., Longato, R., Weber, A., Bouhelal, R., & Feuerbach, D. (2002) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-002-0589-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Expression and functional characterisation of a human chimeric nicotinic receptor with α6β4 properties
Evans, N. M., Bose, S., Benedetti, G., Zwart, R., Pearson, K. H., McPhie, G. I., Craig, P. J., Benton, J. P., Volsen, S. G., Sher, E., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01540-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Untranslated Region-Dependent Exclusive Expression of High-Sensitivity Subforms of α4β2 and α3β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Briggs, C. A., Gubbins, E. J., Marks, M. J., Putman, C. B., Thimmapaya, R., Meyer, M. D., & Surowy, C. S. (2006) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.105.020198 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Prefrontal β2 Subunit-Containing and α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Differentially Control Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Signaling
Parikh, V., Ji, J., Decker, M. W., & Sarter, M. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5712-09.2010 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Stimulation of dopamine release by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands in rat brain slices correlates with the profile of high, but not low, sensitivity α4β2 subunit combination
Anderson, D. J., Malysz, J., Grønlien, J. H., El Kouhen, R., Håkerud, M., Wetterstrand, C., Briggs, C. A., & Gopalakrishnan, M. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors
Yohn, N. L., Turner, J. R., & Blendy, J. A. (2014) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.113.211706 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice as animal models for studying receptor function
Marubio, L. M., & Changeux, J. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00007-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ganglionic nAChRs and high‐affinity nicotinic binding sites are not equivalent
Kemp, G., & Morley, B. J. (1986) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80910-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Progress of ligands for imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs)
Jia-li, L. (2004) · Nuclear Techniques
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor : structure and function
Maelicke, A. (1986) · Springer eBooks · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Evaluating the suitability of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies for standard immunodetection procedures
Moser, N., Mechawar, N., Jones, I. W., Gochberg-Sarver, A., Orr‐Urtreger, A., Plomann, M., Salas, R., Molles, B. E., Marubio, L. M., Roth, U., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04498.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Authors: Marks, M. J., Wageman, C. R., Grady, S. R., Gopalakrishnan, M., & Briggs, C. A.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Abbott (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Marks, Michael J.
ORCID: Marks, Michael J.
Gopalakrishnan, Murali
Venue: Biochemical Pharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-10
Volume: 78
Issue: 7
Pages: 795-802
ISSN: 0006-2952 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.022
PMC: PMC2772152
OpenAlex: W2033232945
Cited by: 30
References: 43
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 1.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biochemical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 015663, P30DA015663, R01DA003194, DA003194)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, alpha4beta2 nAChR, receptor selectivity, partial agonist activity, dopamine release, thalamus, cognitive enhancement, α3β4 nAChR, interpeduncular nucleus, acetylcholine release
MeSH terms: Acetylcholine, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Dopamine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Mesencephalon, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Pyridines, Pyrrolidines, Receptors, Nicotinic, Synaptosomes, Thalamus, Mice, Knockout, Nicotinic Agonists, Protein Subunits, Mice, In Vitro Techniques

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Selectivity of ABT-089 for α4β2* and α6β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks