A fundamental role for context in instrumental learning and extinction
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this article is to review recent research that has investigated the effects of context change on instrumental (operant) learning. The first part of the article discusses instrumental extinction, in which the strength of a reinforced instrumental behavior declines when reinforcers are withdrawn. The results suggest that extinction of either simple or discriminated operant behavior is relatively specific to the context in which it is learned: As in prior studies of Pavlovian extinction, ABA, ABC, and AAB renewal effects can all be observed. Further analysis supports the idea that the organism learns to refrain from making a specific response in a specific context, or in more formal terms, an inhibitory context-response association. The second part of the article then discusses research suggesting that the context also controls instrumental behavior before it is extinguished. Several experiments demonstrate that a context switch after either simple or discriminated operant training causes a decrement in the strength of the response. Over a range of conditions, the animal appears to learn a direct association between the context and the response. Under some conditions, it can also learn a hierarchical representation of context and the response-reinforcer relation. Extinction is still more context-specific than conditioning, as indicated by ABC and AAB renewal. Overall, the results establish that the context can play a significant role in both the acquisition and extinction of operant behavior.
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In operant and extinction studies, changing the context after learning can weaken performance of the newly acquired behavior.
“for both operant and extinction research demonstrates that a change in context after learning may result in a decrement in performance of the new learning (Bouton & Todd, 2014; Todd, Winterbauer & Bouton, 2012).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Bouton & Todd, 2014
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Context specificity of both acquisition and extinction of a Pavlovian conditioned responsePreprint
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- Authors
- Bouton, M. E., & Todd, T. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bouton, Mark E.
- Venue
- Behavioural Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 104
- Pages
- 13-19
- ISSN
- 0376-6357 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4012323
- OpenAlex
- W2059811876
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioural Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA033123)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- operant conditioning, operant extinction, context effects, context switching, hierarchical representation, Pavlovian extinction
- MeSH terms
- Association Learning, Conditioning, Operant, Extinction, Psychological, Humans, Learning
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