Depression and inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study
Open accessAbstract
Background Depression and inflammation independently predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Depression has been associated with elevated levels of inflammation in otherwise healthy patients without known CHD. However, studies investigating the link between depression and inflammation in patients with established CHD have produced inconclusive results.Methods We sought to examine the association of major depression with inflammation in 984 outpatients with established CHD from the Heart and Soul Study. We assessed current major depression with the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule and collected venous blood samples for measurement of five inflammatory biomarkers (white blood cell count, CD40 ligand, C-reactive protein [CRP], fibrinogen, and interleukin-6 [IL-6]). We used multivariate analysis of variance to examine the association of current depression with inflammatory markers, adjusted for potential confounding variables.Results Of the 984 participants, 217 (22%) had current major depression. Depression was not associated with increased levels of any inflammatory marker. Contrary to our hypothesis, depression was associated with lower levels of CRP (p = .09), fibrinogen (p = .006), and IL-6 (p = .007) in both unadjusted and adjusted models.Conclusions We found no evidence that current depression is associated with greater inflammation in outpatients with CHD. Inflammation is unlikely to explain the adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with depression in patients with established CHD.
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There is wide variability in the levels of inflammation observed in depressed individuals.
“However, there is wide variability in the levels of inflammation observed in depressed individuals, and some studies have failed to find an association between depression and inflammation.[7][8][9]”
Some studies have failed to find an association between depression and inflammation.
“and some studies have failed to find an association between depression and inflammation.[7][8][9]”
Clinical reports have implicated depression with lower levels of inflammatory markers such as CRP and IL-6.
“Some clinical reports have implicated depression with lower levels of inflammatory markers such as, CRP and IL-6 (Almeida et al, 2009;Whooley et al, 2007).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Whooley et al, 2007
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- Authors
- Whooley, M. A., Caska, C. M., Hendrickson, B. E., Rourke, M. A., Ho, J., & Ali, S.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whooley, Mary A.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 314-320
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2771569
- OpenAlex
- W2090515685
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 13.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079235)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- depression, inflammation, coronary artery disease, inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, CD40 ligand, white blood cell count, cardiovascular outcomes, Heart and Soul Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Coronary Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Fibrinogen, Humans, Inflammation, Leukocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Chi-Square Distribution, CD40 Ligand
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