The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impairment of Working Memory Maintenance and Response in Schizophrenia: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Background Comparing prefrontal cortical activity during particular phases of working memory in healthy subjects and individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia might help to define the phase-specific deficits in cortical function that contribute to cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia. This study featured a spatial working memory task, similar to that used in nonhuman primates, that was designed to facilitate separating brain activation into encoding, maintenance, and response phases.Methods Fourteen patients with schizophrenia (4 medication-free) and 12 healthy comparison participants completed functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a spatial working memory task with two levels of memory load.Results Task accuracy was similar in patients and healthy participants. However, patients showed reductions in brain activation during maintenance and response phases but not during the encoding phase. The reduced prefrontal activity during the maintenance phase of working memory was attributed to a greater rate of decay of prefrontal activity over time in patients. Cortical deficits in patients did not appear to be related to antipsychotic treatment. In patients and in healthy subjects, the time-dependent reduction in prefrontal activity during working memory maintenance correlated with poorer performance on the memory task.Conclusions Overall, these data highlight that basic research insights into the distinct neurobiologies of the maintenance and response phases of working memory are of potential importance for understanding the neurobiology of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and advancing its treatment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“imaging studies have demonstrated relationships between cognitive deficits and structural or functional brain abnormalities.9–13”
From Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Briefly, healthy human subjects performed a previously validated delayed spatial WM task (Leung et al. 2002;Driesen et al. 2008).”
From Linking microcircuit dysfunction to cognitive impairment: Effects of disinhibition associated with schizophrenia in a cortical working memory model (2014) · cites this paper as Driesen et al. 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Baddeley, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1736359 · Cited by 5,258
Movement‐Related effects in fMRI time‐series
Friston, K. J., Williams, S., Howard, R., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Turner, R. (1996) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910350312 · Cited by 3,774
An Improved Diagnostic Evaluation Instrument for Substance Abuse Patients
McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L. B., WOODY, G. E., & Brien, C. P. O. (1980) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198001000-00006 · Cited by 3,163
Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.331 · Cited by 2,685
Neuron Activity Related to Short-Term Memory
Fuster, J. M., & Alexander, G. E. (1971) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.173.3997.652 · Cited by 2,085
Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Weinberger, D. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004 · Cited by 2,025
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t12696-000 · Cited by 1,888
Applied Mixed Models in Medicine
Brown, H., & Presco, R. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.2000.10485742 · Cited by 1,699
Modulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex
Williams, G. V., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376572a0 · Cited by 1,593
The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex
Seamans, J. K., & Yang, C. R. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.006 · Cited by 1,592
Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310 · Cited by 1,529
Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET
Jonides, J. J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Mintun, M. A. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363623a0 · Cited by 1,198
Increased baseline occupancy of D 2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia
Abi-Dargham, A., Rodenhiser, J., Printz, D., Zea-Ponce, Y., Gil, R., Kegeles, L. S., Weiss, R., Cooper, T. B., Mann, J. J., Van Heertum, R. L., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.14.8104 · Cited by 1,020
Schizophrenics Show Spatial Working Memory Deficits
Park, S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120063009 · Cited by 953
Synaptic basis of cortical persistent activity: the importance of NMDA receptors to working memory
Wang, X.-J. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-21-09587.1999 · Cited by 859
Physiological Dysfunction of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia Revisited
Callicott, J. H. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.11.1078 · Cited by 812
Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.599 · Cited by 770
Manoach, D. S. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00294-3 · Cited by 693
Sawaguchi, T., & Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1994) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.515 · Cited by 649
Selective Deficits in Prefrontal Cortex Function in Medication-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., MacDonald, A. W., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.280 · Cited by 615
Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction
Goldman-Rakic, P., Castner, S., Svensson, T., Siever, L., & Williams, G. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1793-y · Cited by 544
Self-citationKrystal, J. H., D'Souza, D. C., Mathalon, D., Perry, E., Belger, A., & Hoffman, R. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1582-z · Cited by 530
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms
Andreasen, N. C. (1986) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t48377-000 · Cited by 511
Manoach, D. S., Gollub, R. L., Benson, E., Searl, M. M., GOFF, D. C., Halpern, E. F., Saper, C. B., & Rauch, S. L. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00227-4 · Cited by 507
Applied Mixed Models in Medicine
Ziegel, E. R., Brown, H. K., & Prescott, R. J. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270978 · Cited by 451
Planning and spatial working memory: A positron emission tomography study in humans
Owen, A. M., Doyon, J., Petrides, M., & Evans, A. C. (1996) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01219.x · Cited by 450
Visuospatial coding in primate prefrontal neurons revealed by oculomotor paradigms
Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., & Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1990) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1990.63.4.814 · Cited by 443
A role for NMDA-receptor channels in working memory
Lisman, J. E., Fellous, J., & Wang, X. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/1086 · Cited by 438
Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
Carter, C. S., Perlstein, W., Ganguli, R., Brar, J., Mintun, M., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.9.1285 · Cited by 403
Manoach, D. S., Press, D. Z., Thangaraj, V., Searl, M. M., GOFF, D. C., Halpern, E. F., Saper, C. B., & Warach, S. J. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00318-7 · Cited by 388
Callicott, J. H. (1998) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(97)00096-1 · Cited by 326
Selective D2 receptor actions on the functional circuitry of working memory
Wang, M., Vijayraghavan, S., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1091162 · Cited by 319
Self-citationLeung, H.-C., Gore, J. C., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260045882 · Cited by 314
Prefrontal cortex and working memory processes
Funahashi, S. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.003 · Cited by 236
SET IN THE SCHIZOPHRENIC AS MEASURED BY A COMPOSITE REACTION TIME INDEX
Rodnick, E. H., & Shakow, D. (1940) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.97.1.214 · Cited by 231
Visual Perceptual and Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia
Tek, C., Gold, J. M., Blaxton, T. A., Wilk, C. M., McMahon, R. P., & Buchanan, R. W. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.146 · Cited by 213
Berman, K. F., Illowsky, B. P., & Weinberger, D. R. (1988) · PubMed · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800310020002 · Cited by 204
Koh, P., Undie, A. S., Kabbani, N., Levenson, R. G., Goldman, P. S., & Lidow, M. S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.232693499 · Cited by 202
Jha, A. P., & McCarthy, G. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900564091 · Cited by 162
Lidow, M. S., Elsworth, J. D., & Goldman, P. S. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)36627-3 · Cited by 129
A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Working Memory Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
Johnson, M. R., Morris, N. A., Astur, R. S., Calhoun, V. D., Mathalon, D. H., Kiehl, K. A., & Pearlson, G. D. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.012 · Cited by 126
Robot-aided functional imaging: Application to a motor learning study
Krebs, H. I., Brashers-Krug, T. M., Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R., Hogan, N., Rubin, R. H., Fischman, A. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1998) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1998)6:1 · Cited by 117
Manoach, D. S., Greve, D. N., Lindgren, K. A., & Dale, A. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.002 · Cited by 111
Honey, G. D., Bullmore, E. T., & Sharma, T. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00154-2 · Cited by 106
Ford, J. M., Mathalon, D. H., Marsh, L., Faustman, W. O., Harris, D. S., Hoff, A. L., Beal, M., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00290-x · Cited by 96
Lencz, T., Bilder, R. M., Turkel, E., Goldman, R. S., Robinson, D., Kane, J. M., & Lieberman, J. A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.238 · Cited by 89
Koh, P., Bergson, C. M., Undie, A. S., Goldman‐Rakic, P. S., & Lidow, M. S. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.311 · Cited by 80
The effect of memory load on cortical activity in the spatial working memory circuit
Leung, H., Seelig, D., & Gore, J. C. (2004) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.4.4.553 · Cited by 79
Capacity limitations in short-term memory in schizophrenia: tests of competing hypotheses
Goldberg, T. E., Patterson, K. E., Taqqu, Y., & Wilder, K. E. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797006429 · Cited by 75
The Persistence of Electroconvulsive Therapy-Induced Changes in the Electroencephalogram
Weiner, R. D. (1980) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198004000-00006 · Cited by 63
What can research on schizophrenia tell us about the cognitive neuroscience of working memory?
Barch, D. M. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.013 · Cited by 57
9. Information-processing anomalies in the early course of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Neuchterlein, K. H., Dawson, M. E., Ventura, J., Miklowitz, D. J., & Konishi, G. (1991) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(91)90069-4 · Cited by 56
Decreased Encoding Efficiency in Schizophrenia
Cairo, T. A., Woodward, T. S., & Ngan, E. T. C. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.009 · Cited by 46
Assessing a minimal executive operation in schizophrenia
Marie-laure Grillon, A., Johnson, M. K., Danion, J., Rizzo, L., Verdet, C., & Huron, C. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.001 · Cited by 12
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Modelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis
Rottschy, C., Langner, R., Dogan, I., Reetz, K., Laird, A. R., Schulz, J. B., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050 · Cited by 951
Cognition in schizophrenia: core psychological and neural mechanisms
Barch, D. M., & Ceaser, A. E. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.015 · Cited by 792
Qin, S., Hermans, E. J., van Marle, H. J. F., Luo, J., & Fernández, G. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.006 · Cited by 675
Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20624 · Cited by 612
Wang, M., Yang, Y., Wang, C.-J., Gamo, N. J., Jin, L. E., Mazer, J. A., Morrison, J. H., Wang, X.-J., & Arnsten, A. F. T. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.032 · Cited by 489
Metadata
- Authors
- Driesen, N. R., Leung, H.-C., Calhoun, V. D., Constable, R. T., Gueorguieva, R., Hoffman, R., Skudlarski, P., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., & Krystal, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Driesen, Naomi R.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1026-1034
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2650279
- OpenAlex
- W2039965895
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05aa014906-03)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA011321, K05-AA014906)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH44866, P50MH068789, P50MH044866)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, MO-1 RR00125)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, working memory, working memory maintenance, prefrontal cortex, memory encoding, secondary immune response, memory load, cognitive impairment, antipsychotic drugs, medication-free patients
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
