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Intranasal Oxytocin Increases Positive Communication and Reduces Cortisol Levels During Couple Conflict
Open accessAbstract
Background In nonhuman mammals, the neuropeptide oxytocin has repeatedly been shown to increase social approach behavior and pair bonding. In particular, central nervous oxytocin reduces behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to social stress and is suggested to mediate the rewarding aspects of attachment in highly social species. However, to date there have been no studies investigating the effects of central oxytocin mechanisms on behavior and physiology in human couple interaction. Methods In a double-blind placebo-controlled design, 47 heterosexual couples (total n = 94) received oxytocin or placebo intranasally before a standard instructed couple conflict discussion in the laboratory. The conflict session was videotaped and coded for verbal and nonverbal interaction behavior (e.g., eye contact, nonverbal positive behavior, and self-disclosure). Salivary cortisol was repeatedly measured during the experiment. Results Oxytocin significantly increased positive communication behavior in relation to negative behavior during the couple conflict discussion (F = 4.18, p = .047) and significantly reduced salivary cortisol levels after the conflict compared with placebo (F = 7.14, p = .011). Conclusions These results are in line with animal studies indicating that central oxytocin facilitates approach and pair bonding behavior. Our findings imply an involvement of oxytocin in couple interaction and close relationships in humans.
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In the citing paper
“The hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) is released during partner contact (Grewen, Girdler, Amico, & Light, 2005) and contributes to the maintenance of long-term relationships (Ditzen et al., 2009;Kreuder et al., 2017;Scheele et al., 2013).”
From Oxytocin enhances the pain‐relieving effects of social support in romantic couples (2019) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Underlying human romantic attachment is a collection of interlocking brain systems that are hypothesized to have evolved to suit the reproductive needs of our ancestors.”
From The Medicalization of Love (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Brain chemicals such as oxytocin, dopamine, testosterone, and many others seem to regulate our interpersonal drives and emotions, including the formation of romantic pair-bonds.”
From The Medicalization of Love (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Although love is not simply reducible to these brain chemicals or pathways—and although there are many different theories of love, including how it should be defined—what is clear by now is that these underlying phenomena do much to shape (as well as to respond to) our higher-level romantic experiences, across a wide range of theoretical conceptions.”
From The Medicalization of Love (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In one study, Swiss researchers showed that nasally inhaled oxytocin can reduce stress levels and promote more positive communication between couples engaged in an argument (Ditzen et al. 2009).”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“Acevedo et al. (2011) found higher activations among romantically attached individuals in regions implicated in pair-bonding in monogamous rodents, and OT administration has shown to increase couples’ positive communication (Ditzen et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: Relations to couples’ interactive reciprocity (2012) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Intranasal administration of OXT increases ratings of facial attractiveness (27), positive communication behavior during couple conflicts (28)”
From Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner (2013) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Intranasal OT was also found to increase positive behavior during couple conflict in both male and female partners (Ditzen et al, 2009).”
From Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: Sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior (2016) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al, 2009
In the citing paper
“Also, Ditzen et al. (2009) showed that administering 40 IU of intranasal oxytocin increased positive communication during and decreased salivary cortisol after couple conflict in both men and women.”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“reduce negative behavior during couple conflict (19,20)”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, in a study involving couples engaged in a conflict discussion, salivary cortisol levels were also found to decrease following intranasal administration of 40 IU OT (Ditzen et al., 2009).”
From Effects of intranasal oxytocin on social anxiety in males with fragile X syndrome (2012) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Research suggests the experimental manipulation of oxytocin facilitates positive interactions, cooperation and trust.”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“only scales related to social behavior were altered by the administration of intranasal oxytocin relative to a placebo, with the exception of openness to experiences.”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“While most studies examine the effects of oxytocin 45 minutes after administration (Ditzen et al., 2009; Kosfeld et al., 2005)”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“More recently, studies in humans have demonstrated that OXT administration increases pro-social behaviors like trust, empathy, and willingness to take social risks (Kosfeld et al, 2005), whereas dampening psychophysiological responses to stressors (Ditzen et al, 2009).”
From Oxytocin modulation of amygdala functional connectivity to fearful faces in generalized social anxiety disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al, 2009
In the citing paper
“It has been shown, for example, that the peptide enhances positive communication in relation to negative behavior during couple conflicts and reduces cortisol saliva levels after the conflict (82).”
From Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships (2016) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“positive communication between couples (24)”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, other researchers have reported reductions in stress hormones following oxytocin administration in stressful situations without reductions in subjective anxiety measures (Cardoso et al., in press; Ditzen et al., 2009; Linnen et al., 2012).”
From Effect of oxytocin on craving and stress response in marijuana-dependent individuals: A pilot study (2013) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“IN-OT increases the rating of attractiveness of partners’ faces (Scheele et al. 2013), reduces conflict between couples (Ditzen et al. 2009), and enhances the distance between pair bonded men and unfamiliar attractive individuals (Scheele et al. 2012).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“A more dominant theory of OT's effects on social cognition suggests that it increases approach toward and decreases avoidance of social stimuli [20], [18], [21], [22]”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Peripheral or nasal administration of OT facilitates social recognition and trust in healthy humans (Guastella et al., 2008a andb, 2009;Ditzen et al., 2009) and increases eye contact and recognition in autistic subjects (Hollander et al., 2007;Yamasue et al., 2009).”
From Two genetic variants of CD38 in subjects with autism spectrum disorder and controls (2010) · cites this paper as Ditzen et al., 2009
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In the paper
“Lerner, 2005, Facial expressions of emotion reveal neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress responses, Biol Psychiatry, 58, 743, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.011”
Cited work 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.011 · retracted 2007-01-12 · notice 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.002 · this paper published 2009-05
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Weisman, O., Chétouani, M., Saint‐Georges, C., Bourvis, N., Delaherche, E., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Cohen, D., & Feldman, R. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2015.2478468 · Cited by 34
“Several studies have revealed that OT administration decreases CT production, for instance, in the context of couple conflict discussion [31] or social stress paradigms [32].”
Oxytocin and Facial Emotion Recognition
Ellenbogen, M. A. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_20 · Cited by 34
Deciphering the modulatory role of oxytocin in human altruism
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“Furthermore, oxytocin was described to be stress protective with the potential to suppress the secretion of cortisol (Ditzen et al., 2009; Heinrichs, Baumgartner, Kirschbaum, & Ehlert, 2003; Mantella, Vollmer, Rinaman, Li, & Amico, 2004; Neumann, Krömer, Toschi, & Ebner, 2000) via both direct (e.”
BackgroundPlasma oxytocin levels in major depressive and bipolar II disorders
Lien, Y.-J., Chang, H. H., Tsai, H.-C., Yang, Y. K., Lu, R., & Chen, P. S. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.080 · Cited by 31
Donadon, M. F., Martín‐Santos, R., & Osório, F. D. L. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110098 · Cited by 36
Are retinoids potential therapeutic agents in disorders of social cognition including autism?
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“In humans, intranasal administration of OT has been shown to increase trust [7], facilitate mind-reading [8], enhance human memory for social identity [9], increase positive communication between couples [10], increase gaze to the eye region [11] and increase generosity [12].”
BackgroundNeuroimaging and behavioral evidence of sex-specific effects of oxytocin on human sociality
Procyshyn, T. L., Dupertuys, J., & Bartz, J. A. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.06.010 · Cited by 30
The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Enhances Information Sharing and Group Decision Making Quality
de Wilde, T. R. W., Velden, F. S. T., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40622 · Cited by 32
“16).”
Oxytocin regulates social approach
Cohen, D., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1418428 · Cited by 33
“Some studies show that an increase in social behavior is due to an anxiolytic effect, such as the reduction of cortisol levels (Ditzen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAn attachment theoretical perspective for the neural representation of close others
Laurita, A. C., Hazan, C., & Spreng, R. N. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz010 · Cited by 31
Handlin, L., Novembre, G., Lindholm, H., Kämpe, R., Paul, E. R., & Morrison, I. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.81197 · Cited by 33
Enhancing Placebo Effects in Somatic Symptoms Through Oxytocin
Skvortsova, A., Veldhuijzen, D. S., van Middendorp, H., den Bergh, O. V., & Evers, A. W. M. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000571 · Cited by 28
Observed infant-parent attachment and brain morphology in middle childhood– A population-based study
Hidalgo, A. P. C., Muetzel, R. L., Luijk, M. P. C. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Marroun, H. E., Vernooij, M. W., van IJzendoorn, M. H., White, T. J. H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100724 · Cited by 37
“High oxytocin levels are related to a more stimulating and affective parenting behavior (Abraham and Feldman, 2018) and reduce the cortisol response to stress (Ditzen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFlorea, T., Palimariciuc, M., Cristofor, A. C., Dobrin, I., Chiriță, R., Bîrsan, M., Dobrin, R., & Pădurariu, M. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58070923 · Cited by 32
“In these conditions, intranasal oxytocin administration decreased the level of cortisol in all experimental situations, limited the increase in cortisol caused by social ostracism, and increased the concentration of cortisol after the conjugal conflict resolution [49].”
BackgroundSalivary vasopressin increases following intranasal oxytocin administration
Weisman, O., Schneiderman, I., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2012) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.004 · Cited by 29
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Oxytocin and interpersonal relationships
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“OT seems to strengthen the positive aspects of intimate couple relationships, for example by dampening increased sympathetic activity and increasing positive behavior during couple conflict (Ditzen et al. 2009, 2013).”
BackgroundAcute and Repeated Intranasal Oxytocin Differentially Modulate Brain-wide Functional Connectivity
Pagani, M., Felice, A. D., Montani, C., Galbusera, A., Papaleo, F., & Gozzi, A. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.036 · Cited by 27
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“…neuropeptide hormone, oxytocin, has been linked to several social behaviors (Bartz & Hollander, 2006), and has been associated with the strengthening of social bonds (Ditzen et al., 2009; Riem, BakermansKranenburg, Huffmeijer, & van IJzendoorn, 2013; Theodoridou, Rowe, Penton-Voak, & Rogers, 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin increases bias, but not accuracy, in face recognition line-ups
Bate, S., Bennetts, R. J., Parris, B. A., Bindemann, M., Udale, R. C., & Bussunt, A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu150 · Cited by 33
“…that oxytocin increases social salience, either via an affective (Shamay-Tsoory et al. , 2009; Theodoridou et al. , 2013) or approach-withdrawal (Ditzen et al. , 2009; Kemp and Guastella, 2011) mechanism, is supported by several lines of neuroimaging and behavioural evidence (Petrovic et al. ,…”
Flanagan, J. C., Fischer, M. S., Nietert, P. J., Back, S. E., Maria, M. M.-S., Snead, A., & Brady, K. T. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.003 · Cited by 27
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Genetic and psychological underpinnings of motivation and satisfaction of industrial salespeople
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Salivary oxytocin, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence in pre-competition athletes
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Oxytocin affects spontaneous neural oscillations in trauma-exposed war veterans
Eidelman-Rothman, M., Goldstein, A., Lévy, J., Weisman, O., Schneiderman, I., Mankuta, D., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00165 · Cited by 29
“, 2014) and human (Heinrichs et al., 2003; Light et al., 2005; Gordon et al., 2008; Ditzen et al., 2009) research.”
Gupta, K. (2012) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.694391 · Cited by 27
“…“treat” autism (McGraw and Young 2010; Young 2009), some researchers have investigated the use of oxytocin and vasopression to “treat” marital discord (Ditzen et al. 2009).6 Savulescu and Sandberg argue that marriage (a term they use for long-term pair-bonding regardless of legal status or…”
BackgroundBirnbaum, G. E., Mizrahi, M., Kaplan, A., Kadosh, D., Kariv, D., Tabib, D., Ziv, D., Sadeh, L., & Burban, D. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217695556 · Cited by 27
“, Carter, 1992; Murphy, Seckl, Burton, Checkley, & Lightman, 1987), facilitate bonding behaviors in both humans and other mammals (e.g., Acevedo & Aron, 2014; Carter, 2014; Ditzen et al., 2009; K. A. Young, Liu, Gobrogge, Wang, & Wang, 2014).”
Abraham, E., Gilam, G., Kanat‐Maymon, Y., Jacob, Y., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Hendler, T., & Feldman, R. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.71 · Cited by 26
“Third, in light of research in humans and other mammals showing involvement of OT in trust and cooperation (Ditzen et al, 2009; Kosfeld et al, 2005) and of AVP in competition, anxiety, and suspicion (MeyerLindenberg et al, 2011), we expected that collaborative coparenting would correlate with OT…”
BackgroundEbbert, A. M., Infurna, F. J., Luthar, S. S., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Corbin, W. R. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104151 · Cited by 27
“, 2007) and positive communication (Ditzen et al., 2009).”
Berends, Y. R., Tulen, J. H. M., Wierdsma, A. I., PELT, J. V., Feldman, R., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., de Rijke, Y. B., Kushner, S. A., & Marle, H. J. C. V. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.027 · Cited by 28
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Bülbül, M., Babygirija, R., Cerjak, D., Yoshimoto, S., Ludwig, K., & Takahashi, T. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00447.2011 · Cited by 26
“Intranasal administration of OXT improves a person’s ability to infer the mental state of others (20) and communicate positively (18).”
BackgroundRecent findings on the pathophysiology of social anxiety disorder
Marazziti, D., Abelli, M., Baroni, S., Carpita, B., Piccinni, A., & Dell’Osso, L. (2014) · Cited by 26
Oxytocin and social context moderate social support seeking in women during negative memory recall
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Oxytocin for learning calm and safety
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Self-citationLeslie, M. R., Leppänen, J., Paloyelis, Y., & Treasure, J. L. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.014 · Cited by 28
“Previous research has also found that intranasal oxytocin administration reduces salivary cortisol in response to interpersonal rejection and conflict with an intimate partner in healthy men and women (Ditzen et al., 2009; Linnen, Ellenbogen, Cardoso, & Joober, 2012).”
BackgroundMcClure, E. A., Baker, N. L., Gray, K. M., Hood, C. O., Tomko, R. L., Carpenter, M. J., Ramakrishnan, V., Buchanan, C. J., & Saladin, M. E. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05392-z · Cited by 29
“Third, oxytocin dose selection and timing of administration was based on previous human laboratory work (Ditzen et al. 2009; Heinrichs et al. 2003; Leng and Ludwig 2016; McRae-Clark et al. 2013), though we acknowledge that the selected dose and timing may have adversely affected results.”
Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment
Aydogan, G., Furtner, N. C., Kern, B., Jobst, A., Müller, N., & Kocher, M. G. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx101 · Cited by 25
“…with pro-social behavior (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Israel et al., 2009; Mikolajczak et al., 2010; Israel et al., 2012), including conflict resolution (Ditzen et al., 2009), in-group conformity (Stallen et al., 2012) and both cognitive and emotional empathy ( Domes et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al.,…”
InfluentialA randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin in Phelan-McDermid syndrome
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The story of O – is oxytocin the mediator of the placebo response?
Enck, P., & Klosterhalfen, S. (2009) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01285.x · Cited by 25
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“OT is also involved in a range of socially related thoughts and behaviors, including partner support [37], and the ability to read the mental states of others [38].”
Denes, A., Crowley, J. P., Winkler, K. L., Dhillon, A., Ponivas, A. L. P., & Bennett‐Brown, M. (2020) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2020.1726424 · Cited by 25
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Oxytocin and positive couple interaction affect the perception of wound pain in everyday life
Pfeifer, A.-C., Schröder‐Pfeifer, P., Schneider, E., Schick, M., Heinrichs, M., Bodenmann, G., Ehlert, U., Herpertz, S. C., Läuchli, S., Eckstein, M., et al. (2020) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1177/1744806920918692 · Cited by 25
“Recent experimental studies confirmed these results to be applicable to humans by showing that a single dose of intranasally administered OT can affect stress regulation and prosocial behavior in the laboratory.(9,10) However, while reviews highlight the potential positive therapeutic impact of exogenous OT on pain pa…”
ResultSelf-citationZhang, X., Li, P., Otieno, S., Li, H., & Leppänen, P. H. T. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105411 · Cited by 21
Effects of oxytocin on human social approach measured using intimacy equilibriums
Liu, J. C., Guastella, A. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.09.002 · Cited by 24
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“A wide range of pharmacological studies has demonstrated rather consistent effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on prosocial behavior such as enhanced positive communication behavior during couple conflict (Ditzen et al., 2009),”
Neurogenetic Mechanisms of Self-Compassionate Mindfulness: the Role of Oxytocin-Receptor Genes
Wang, Y., Fan, L., Zhu, Y., Yang, J., Wang, C., Gu, L., Zhong, S., Huang, Y., Xie, X., Zhou, H., et al. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01141-7 · Cited by 26
Borderline Personality Disorder and Oxytocin: Review of Clinical Trials and Future Directions
Amad, A., Thomas, P., & Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M. (2015) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612821666150619093019 · Cited by 22
Dyadic Coping and Its Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms – Implications for Stress Regulation
Zietlow, A., Eckstein, M., Hernández, C., Nonnenmacher, N., Reck, C., Schaer, M., Bodenmann, G., Heinrichs, M., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02600 · Cited by 22
Self-citationA test of the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support among bariatric surgery patients.
Ahlich, E., Herr, J. B., Thomas, K. M., Segarra, D., & Rancourt, D. (2019) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2019.10.020 · Cited by 18
Dağlı, E., & Çelik, N. (2021) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2021.1947286 · Cited by 23
“The released oxytocin reduces anxiety, concerns, and tension and improves the feeling of confidence by suppressing the release of cortisol, which stress increases (Ditzen et al., 2009; Moberg, 2013).”
BackgroundDenes, A., & Afifi, T. D. (2014) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.926377 · Cited by 22
“…benefits to disclosing during times when oxytocin is elevated (i.e., after they orgasm), given that oxytocin has been linked to decreased threat perception and fear responses and increased trust and pro-social behaviors (Ditzen et al., 2009; Guastella et al., 2008; Huber, Veinante, & Stoop, 2005).”
BackgroundBhandari, R., van der Veen, R., Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Voorthuis, A., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Stein, A. L., Kringelbach, M. L., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.932307 · Cited by 23
Ellenbogen, M. A., Linnen, A., Cardoso, C., & Joober, R. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12263 · Cited by 24
Leeds, A., Dennis, P. M., Lukas, K. E., Stoinski, T. S., Willis, M. A., & Schook, M. W. (2018) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0678-3 · Cited by 23
Oxytocin Modulates the Cognitive Appraisal of the Own and Others Close Intimate Relationships
Aguilar‐Raab, C., Eckstein, M., Geracitano, S., Prévost, M., Gold, I., Heinrichs, M., Bilderbeck, A. C., Ehlert, U., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00714 · Cited by 24
Self-citationLux, M. (2010) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2010.9689072 · Cited by 22
L’ocytocine et la dépression du post-partum
Cardaillac, C., Rua, C., Simon, E. G., & El‐Hage, W. (2016) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2016.05.002 · Cited by 23
A systematic review of resilient performance in defence and security settings
Jones, M. V., Smith, N., Burns, D. S., Braithwaite, E., Turner, M. J., McCann, A., Walker, L., Emmerson, P., Webster, L. V., & Jones, M. I. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273015 · Cited by 36
Clinical trials of intranasal delivery for treating neurological disorders – a critical review
Liu, X. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.2011.633508 · Cited by 24
“In addition to the reduction of amygdala activity, intranasally delivered oxytocin also decreased the level of salivary cortisol after a standard instructed couple conflict discussion [50].”
BackgroundSexy building blocks: The contribution of the sexual system to attachment formation and maintenance.
Birnbaum, G. E. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14250-018 · Cited by 23
Engel, S., Klusmann, H., Laufer, S., Pfeifer, A.-C., Ditzen, B., van Zuiden, M., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schumacher, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.003 · Cited by 26
Self-citationEndorphins, oxytocin, sexuality and romantic relationships: An understudied area
Khajehei, M., & Behroozpour, E. (2018) · World Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.5317/wjog.v7.i2.17 · Cited by 22
Feng, C., DeMarco, A. C., Haroon, E., & Rilling, J. K. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.004 · Cited by 22
“Further, OT decreases cortisol stress responses induced by negative social interactions (Ditzen et al., 2009; Linnen et al., 2012), and attenuates amygdala responses to negative stimuli (Kirsch et al., 2005; Petrovic et al., 2008).”
Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Steroid Hormones in Men and Women
Wirth, M. M., Gaffey, A. E., & Martinez, B. S. (2015) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000381023 · Cited by 22
Djalovski, A., Kinreich, S., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91626-0 · Cited by 20
Sakai, J. T., Crowley, T. J., Stallings, M. C., McQueen, M. B., Hewitt, J. K., Hopfer, C. J., Hoft, N. R., & Ehringer, M. A. (2011) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32834c0cb2 · Cited by 21
“Studies of humans have been more limited, but further support a role of oxytocin in affiliative behaviors (Zak et al., 2005; Domes et al., 2007; Feldman et al., 2007; Zak et al., 2007; BakermansKranenburg and van Ijzendoorn, 2008; Ditzen et al., 2009; Theodoridou et al., 2009).”
Kent, P., Awadia, A., Zhao, L. L., Ensan, D., Silva, D., Cayer, C., James, J. S., Anisman, H., & Merali, Z. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.019 · Cited by 20
“, 2008), positive communication (Ditzen et al., 2009), improved mind reading (Domes et al.”
BackgroundHou, W., He, Z., Yang, Y., Yuan, W., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Cai, W., Guo, Q., & Tai, F. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14691 · Cited by 21
“The peer review history for this article is available at https ://publo ns.com/publo n/10.1111/ejn.14691 Abbreviations: AVP, arginine vasopressin; CORT, corticosterone; CSDS, chronic social defeat; Ct, cycle threshold; dCT, delta CT; EPM, the elevated plus maze; FST, the forced swim test; icv., intracerebroventricular…”
BackgroundInfluentialOxytocin and vasopressin modulation of prisoner’s dilemma strategies
Neto, M. L., Antunes, M. C. D. S., Lopes, M. C., Ferreira, D. M. S., Rilling, J. K., & Prata, D. P. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120913145 · Cited by 23
“In game theory tasks, it increases generosity (Barraza et al., 2011; Zak et al., 2007), cooperation (Declerck et al., 2010, 2013; Ditzen et al., 2009) and trust (Bakermans-Kranenburg and Van IJzendoorn, 2013; Kosfeld et al., 2005), although not consistently replicated (Nave et al., 2015), while…”
Abraham, E., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22089 · Cited by 21
Ellenbogen, M. A., Cardoso, C., Serravalle, L., Vadaga, K. K., & Joober, R. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000217 · Cited by 20
“…of intranasal OT, relative to placebo, elicits increases in trust, cooperation, attachment and positive communication (Bernaerts et al., 2017; Ditzen et al., 2009; Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2005; Yang, Wang, Wang, & Wang, 2021), other studies have failed to replicate…”
InfluentialThe Effect of Animal-Assisted Therapy on the State of Patients’ Health After a Stroke: A Pilot Study
Machová, K., Procházková, R., Říha, M., & Svobodová, I. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183272 · Cited by 21
Campbell, A. C., & Cross, C. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738403.013.0012 · Cited by 22
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Sullivan, T. J., Feinstein, B. A., Marshall, A. D., & Mustanski, B. S. (2017) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000249 · Cited by 22
“is implicated in impaired interpersonal functioning (Ditzen et al., 2009; Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundVaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., Haltigan, J. D., Ostrov, J. M., & Muir, C. (2018) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.64.1.0101 · Cited by 19
The Role of Oxytocin in Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Gedeon, T., Parry, J., & Vӧllm, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00076 · Cited by 20
“In a double blind placebo controlled crossover trial of intranasal oxytocin, those given oxytocin performed better on a fear recognition task compared with those given placebo (18); they also demonstrated more positive communication and had lower salivary cortisol levels in response to conflict (19).”
MethodInterest in partner orgasm: Sex differences and relationships with attachment strategies
Barnett, M. D., Moore, J. M., Woolford, B., & Riggs, S. A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.015 · Cited by 19
“Oxytocin levels increase after orgasm (Carmichael et al., 1987), which has been found to intensify feelings of closeness and pair-bonding (Ditzen et al., 2009; Ross & Young, 2009).”
BackgroundDief, A. E., Sivukhina, E. V., & Jirikowski, G. F. (2018) · Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.4236/ojemd.2018.83010 · Cited by 19
“In humans, endogenous OT has a great role in various behaviours including social recognition, bonding, maternal behavior and positive communication [49] [50].”
BackgroundRos, A. F. H., Vullioud, P., & Bshary, R. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.09.013 · Cited by 17
“Interestingly, in mammals levels of oxytocin and glucocorticoid tend to be inversely related (Legros et al., 1984; Cook, 1997; Zak et al., 2005; Ditzen et al., 2009), while injections of isotocin, the teleost equivalent of oxytocin, have been found to increase cortisol levels in goldfish, C.…”
InfluentialIntranasal oxytocin enhances positive self-attribution in healthy men
Colonnello, V., & Heinrichs, M. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.016 · Cited by 17
“Based on the present findings, it is reasonable to speculate that oxytocin mitigates stress responses under challenging social circumstances [4] and enhances social skills during social conflicts [38] not only by supporting the feelings that others are pleasant and trustworthy [5] and distinct from self [6], but also…”
Self-citationOxytocin's impact on social face processing is stronger in homosexual than heterosexual men
Thienel, M., Heinrichs, M., Fischer, S., Ott, V., Jan Born, A., & Hallschmid, M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.013 · Cited by 18
“self-disclosure) in both men and women (Ditzen et al., 2009) and furthermore increases salivary alpha-amylase as a marker of sympathetic activity as well as emotional arousal in men (Ditzen et al.”
Self-citationBozorgmehr, A., Alizadeh, F., Sadeghi, B., Shahbazi, A., Ofogh, S. N., Joghataei, M. T., Razian, S., Heydari, F., & Ghadirivasfi, M. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134328 · Cited by 18
Spanos, M., Chandrasekhar, T., Kim, S., Hamer, R. M., King, B. H., McDougle, C. J., Sanders, K. B., Gregory, S. G., Kolevzon, A. L., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106103 · Cited by 24
Neurochemical and Hormonal Contributors to Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder
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Sexual Differentiation and the Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Autism
Aiello, T. P., & Whitaker‐Azmitia, P. M. (2011) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.21251 · Cited by 17
High Plasma Oxytocin Levels in Men With Hypersexual Disorder
Flanagan, J. N., Chatzittofis, A., Boström, A. E. D., Hallberg, J., Öberg, K. G., Arver, S., & Jokinen, J. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac015 · Cited by 19
MATERNAL MENTAL HEALTH MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXYTOCIN AND INTERACTIVE BEHAVIOR
Samuel, S., Hayton, B. C., Gold, I., Feeley, N., Carter, C. S., & Zelkowitz, P. (2015) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21521 · Cited by 17
Aloia, L. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2015) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.989868 · Cited by 17
“Disagreement was significantly and positively associated with male AUCI, male AUCG, and female AUCG.”
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Froemke, R. C., & Carcea, I. (2017) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00037-1 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Ditzen, B., Schaer, M., Gabriel, B., Bodenmann, G., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Ditzen, Beate
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 728-731
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977529793
- Cited by
- 805
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 15.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, couple conflict, positive communication, salivary cortisol, intranasal administration, close relationships, pair bonding, social stress, self-disclosure, eye contact, nonverbal behavior, attachment
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Communication, Conflict, Psychological, Double-Blind Method, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Oxytocin, Placebos, Saliva
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