The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Can Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Really Relieve Medication-Resistant Auditory Verbal Hallucinations? Negative Results from a Large Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
Background Several studies have applied low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) directed at the left temporoparietal area (TP) for the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), but findings on efficacy are inconsistent. Furthermore, recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicate that the left TP is not a general focus of activation during the experience of AVH. The aims of this study are twofold: to investigate the effects of rTMS on AVH in a double blind, randomized, sham-controlled study; and to investigate whether the efficacy can be improved when rTMS is guided by individual fMRI scans of hallucinatory activation.Methods Sixty-two patients with medication-resistant AVH were randomized over three conditions: rTMS targeted at the area of maximal hallucinatory activation calculated from individual fMRI scans during AVH, rTMS directed at the left TP, and sham treatment. Repetitive TMS was applied during 15 sessions of 20 min each, at 1 Hz and 90% of the individual motor threshold. The severity of AVH and other psychotic symptoms were monitored during treatment and 3-month follow-up, with the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales.Results The effects of fMRI-guided rTMS and left TP rTMS on the severity of AVH were comparable to those of sham treatment. No differences in severity of general psychotic symptoms were found among the three treatment conditions.Conclusions Low-frequency rTMS administered to the left TP or to the site of maximal hallucinatory activation is not more effective for medication-resistant AVH than sham treatment.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Notably, a relatively large randomized controlled trial (N = 62) failed to find any significant advantage of active rTMS over sham stimulation”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Slotema et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Of the three studies discussed here that have achieved adequate power, one finds no effect of neurostimulation (Slotema et al., 2011), and the other two originate from the same institution (Hoffman et al., 2005, 2013).”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Slotema et al., 2011
Citations
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
HADDOCK, G., McCARRON, J., TARRIER, N., & FARAGHER, E. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008661 · Cited by 1,461
Cerebral location of international 10–20 system electrode placement
Homan, R. W., Herman, J. H., & Purdy, P. D. (1987) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(87)90206-9 · Cited by 1,444
Designing Experiments and Analysing Data: A Model Comparison Perspective.
Freeman, G. H., Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (1991) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532173 · Cited by 1,229
Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A Model Comparison Perspective, Third Edition
Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 975
Designing experiments and analyzing data: a model comparison perspective
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-2192 · Cited by 673
Slotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., Hoek, H. W., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04872gre · Cited by 584
Characterizing Dynamic Brain Responses with fMRI: A Multivariate Approach
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Turner, R. (1995) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1019 · Cited by 568
Hoffman, R. E., Hawkins, K. A., Gueorguieva, R. V., Boutros, N. N., Rachid, F., Carroll, K. M., & Krystal, J. H. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.1.49 · Cited by 520
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lefaucheur, J.-P., Aleman, A., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Di Lazzaro, V., Filipović, S. R., Grefkes, C., Hasan, A., Hummel, F. C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002 · Cited by 2,382
Lefaucheur, J.-P., André-Obadia, N., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., Cantello, R. M., Cincotta, M., de Carvalho, M., De Ridder, D., et al. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021 · Cited by 2,119
“The studies summarized in Table 12 provided highly controversial results, with 7 positive studies (two Class II and 5 Class III) involving a total of 118 patients treated by active rTMS and 7 negative studies (two Class II, including the largest series to date (Slotema et al., 2011) and 5 Class III) covering altogethe…”
Brunelin, J., Mondino, M., Gassab, L., Haesebaert, F., Gaha, L., Suaud-Chagny, M.-F., Saoud, M., Mechri, A., & Poulet, E. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071091 · Cited by 520
Hyde, J., Carr, H., Kelley, N. J., Seneviratne, R., Reed, C., Parlatini, V., Garner, M. J., Solmi, M., Rosson, S., Cortese, S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01524-8 · Cited by 270
Modinos, G., Costafreda, S. G., van Tol, M., McGuire, P. K., Aleman, A., & Allen, P. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.01.009 · Cited by 230
The Treatment of Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Sommer, I. E., Slotema, C. W., Daskalakis, Z. J., Derks, E. M., Blom, J. D., & van der Gaag, M. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs034 · Cited by 199
Wobrock, T., Guse, B., Cordes, J., Wölwer, W., Winterer, G., Gäebel, W., Langguth, B., Landgrebe, M., Eichhammer, P., Frank, E., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.009 · Cited by 176
Review of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations.
Slotema, C., Blom, J., van Lutterveld, R., Hoek, H., & Sommer, I. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.038 · Cited by 172
“, 2011 (25) 62 T3P3 1 90 1200 15 901 AHRS, PSYRATS, PANSS −”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAuditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals
Diederen, K. M. J., Daalman, K., de Weijer, A. D., Neggers, S. F. W., van Gastel, W., Blom, J. D., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr033 · Cited by 138
“Psychotic patients included in this database are described in detail in a previous study by our group.(19) For the matching, the following order was used: sex, handedness, age, years of education, total duration of the hallucinations during the scans, number of durations during the scans, and average duration of a hal…”
MethodKennedy, N. I., Lee, W. H., & Frangou, S. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.12.025 · Cited by 150
“Slotema 2011 [41] 20/22 20 L TPJ 1 15 Once daily 856.”
Lefaucheur, J. P., André‐Obadia, N., Poulet, E., Devanne, H., Haffen, É., Londero, A., Cretin, B., Leroi, A., Radtchenko, A., Saba, G., et al. (2011) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2011.10.062 · Cited by 138
Slotema, C. W., Aleman, A., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Sommer, I. E. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.025 · Cited by 120
Moseley, P., Fernyhough, C., & Ellison, A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.001 · Cited by 113
Developing treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia
Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. S. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.017 · Cited by 106
Frӧhlich, F., Burrello, T. N., Mellin, J. M., Cordle, A. L., Lustenberger, C., Gilmore, J. H., & Jarskog, L. F. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.005 · Cited by 91
“repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), has been evaluated with mixed success for the treatment of auditory hallucinations [2–4].”
MethodHovington, C. L., McGirr, A., Lepage, M., & Berlim, M. T. (2013) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2013.783993 · Cited by 88
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia
Dougall, N. J., Maayan, N., Soares‐Weiser, K., McDermott, L. M., & McIntosh, A. M. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006081.pub2 · Cited by 86
Hoffman, R. E., Wu, K., Pittman, B., Cahill, J. D., Hawkins, K. A., Fernandez, T., & Hannestad, J. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.016 · Cited by 82
Homan, P., Kindler, J., Hauf, M., Hubl, D., & Dierks, T. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.114 · Cited by 80
“far, no difference between sham and stimulation has been found.(22) However, it has been suggested that patients respond differentially to TMS,(23) making the exploration for”
BackgroundUse of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment in Psychiatry
Aleman, A. (2013) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.53 · Cited by 84
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Marzouk, T., Homan, S., Azizi, H., Malhotra, A. K., & Homan, P. (2019) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000502148 · Cited by 76
Chen, X.-G., Ji, G.-J., Zhu, C.-Y., Bai, X., Wang, L., He, K.-L., Gao, Y., Tao, L., Yu, F.-Q., Tian, Y.-H., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby054 · Cited by 71
He, H., Lü, J., Yang, L., Zheng, J., Gao, F., Zhai, Y., Feng, J., Fan, Y., & Ma, X. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.02.007 · Cited by 72
“In addition, low-frequency stimulation of left temporoparietal sites is also common, and is comparatively effective against auditory hallucinations (Lai et al., 2010; Slotema et al., 2011, 2014; Yue et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBais, L., Vercammen, A., Stewart, R. E., van Es, F., Visser, B., Aleman, A., & Knegtering, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108828 · Cited by 69
“Only a few studies have been published on the effects after more than four weeks [16,19,20,28].”
Dollfus, S., Lecardeur, L., Morello, R., & Etard, O. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv076 · Cited by 72
Hasan, A., Falkai, P., & Wobrock, T. (2013) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867311320030012 · Cited by 69
Koops, S., van Dellen, E., Schutte, M. J. L., Nieuwdorp, W., Neggers, S. F. W., & Sommer, I. E. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv100 · Cited by 67
“67) Zuclopentixol 1 (200) — Flupentixol 1 (15) — Pimozide — 3 (5) Sulpiride — 1 (600) None 2 4”
Lage, C., Wiles, K., Shergill, S. S., & Tracy, D. K. (2016) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1592-8 · Cited by 70
“…accuracy offered by neuronavigation, a large randomized controlled trial failed to demonstrate superior efficacy of fMRI-guided rTMS was not superior to conventionally applied rTMS or sham stimulation among patients with treatment-resistant auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) (Slotema et al. 2011).”
BackgroundGuttesen, L. L., Albert, N., Nordentoft, M., & Hjorthøj, C. R. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.001 · Cited by 59
Cole, J. C., Bernacki, C. G., Helmer, A., Pinninti, N. R., & O’Reardon, J. P. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 58
Demeulemeester, M., Amad, A., Bubrovszky, M., Pins, D., Thomas, P., & Jardri, R. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.010 · Cited by 56
Bais, L., Liemburg, E. J., Vercammen, A., Bruggeman, R., Knegtering, H., & Aleman, A. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.017 · Cited by 57
“MARK Jesus et al., 2011; Slotema et al., 2011).”
Blumberger, D. M., Christensen, B. K., Zipursky, R. B., Möller, B., Chen, R. E., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.12.002 · Cited by 55
“Our findings, are consistent with another large published trial that did not demonstrate efficacy of LFL rTMS compared to sham stimulation [42].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDollfus, S., Jaafari, N., Guillin, O., Trojak, B., Plaze, M., Saba, G., Nauczyciel, C., Larmurier, A. M., Chastan, N., Meille, V., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx127 · Cited by 51
Kindler, J., Homan, P., Flury, R., Strik, W., Dierks, T., & Hubl, D. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.029 · Cited by 52
“Response was defined as improvement of AVH of ≥50% in HCS (hallucination change scale).”
BackgroundInfluentialKlírová, M., Horáček, J., Novák, T., Cermak, J. K., Španiel, F., Skrdlantová, L., Mohr, P., & Höschl, C. (2012) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0368-x · Cited by 49
Martinot, M. P., Galinowski, A., Plaze, M., Andoh, J., David Bartrés-faz, A., Bellivier, F., Lefaucheur, J. P., Rivière, D., Gallarda, T., Martinot, J., et al. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12680 · Cited by 49
“Few studies have used neuronavigation and functional MRI (fMRI) to target this region, with open studies reporting significant decreases in AVH (27–29), and placebo-controlled protocols showing decreases but no difference between modalities (8, 15).”
BackgroundThe influence of stimulus detection on activation patterns during auditory hallucinations
van Lutterveld, R., Diederen, K. M. J., Koops, S., Begemann, M., & Sommer, I. E. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.004 · Cited by 47
McCarthy‐Jones, S. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs006 · Cited by 45
Otani, V. H. O., Shiozawa, P., Cordeiro, Q., & Uchida, R. R. (2014) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.980830 · Cited by 42
Bhandari, A., Voineskos, D., Daskalakis, Z. J., Rajji, T. K., & Blumberger, D. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00045 · Cited by 43
Blom, J. D. (2015) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62630-1.00024-x · Cited by 39
Toward personalized treatment of hallucinations
Sommer, I. E., Kleijer, H., & Hugdahl, K. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000416 · Cited by 41
Muller, P. A., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Rotenberg, A. (2011) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.05.003 · Cited by 39
Okano, K., Bauer, C. C. C., Ghosh, S., Lee, Y. J., Melero, H., Angeles, C. D. L., Nestor, P. G., del Re, E. C., Northoff, G., Whitfield, S., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112862 · Cited by 38
Gromann, P. M., Tracy, D. K., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., A, L. K. M., & Shergill, S. S. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0026603 · Cited by 37
“In spite of these promising findings, it is clear that rTMS does not work equally well for all patients; a recent large scale study failed to find a beneficial effect of rTMS on the severity and frequency of AH (Slotema et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRajji, T. K., Rogasch, N. C., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800206 · Cited by 37
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
Hua, Q., Wang, L., He, K., Sun, J., Xu, W., Zhang, L., Tian, Y., Wang, K., & Ji, G. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.44215 · Cited by 40
Rethinking mental disorders: The role of learning and brain plasticity
Morris, S. E., Rumsey, J. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2014) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-139015 · Cited by 39
“Although some studies have been negative (Slotema et al., 2011), several meta-analyses (Aleman et al., 2007; Freitas et al., 2009; Slotema et al., 2010; Tranulis et al., 2008) have concluded that rTMS is more effective than a sham control in treating auditory-verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia.”
Understanding the biophysical effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on brain tissue
Neggers, S. F. W., Petrov, P. I., Mandija, S., Sommer, I. E., & van den Berg, N. A. T. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.06.015 · Cited by 32
Li, J., Cao, X., Liu, S., Li, X., & Xu, Y. J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113141 · Cited by 32
“In particular, the study by (Slotema et al., 2011) with a relatively large sample reported no significant difference when comparing active to sham rTMS.”
Rosenberg, O., Gersner, R., Klein, L. D., Kotler, M., Zangen, A., & Dannon, P. N. (2012) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-11-13 · Cited by 31
“Our findings also correlate with a doubleblind, randomized, sham-controlled study of 62 patients completed in March 2011 [20], which concluded that low-frequency rTMS administered to the left temporoparietal cortex (shown to be the site of maximal hallucinatory activation) is not more effective for medicationresistant…”
ResultKubera, K., Barth, A., Hirjak, D., Thomann, P., & Wolf, R. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00131 · Cited by 37
Moseley, P., Alderson‐Day, B., Ellison, A., Jardri, R., & Fernyhough, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00515 · Cited by 31
“In an open-label trial using fMRI whilst patients reported AVHs, rTMS sessions were performed over the individual locations of activation peaks (Sommer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialKimura, H., Kanahara, N., Takase, M., Yoshida, T., Watanabe, H., & Iyo, M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.119 · Cited by 30
Nathou, C., Etard, O., & Dollfus, S. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s168801 · Cited by 28
Homan, S., Muscat, W., Joanlanne, A., Marousis, N., Cecere, G., Hofmann, L. A., Ji, E., Neumeier, M. S., Vetter, S., Seifritz, E., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.033 · Cited by 29
Strube, W., Wobrock, T., Bunse, T., Palm, U., Padberg, F., Malchow, B., Falkai, P., & Hasan, A. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.041 · Cited by 29
High frequency rTMS; a more effective treatment for auditory verbal hallucinations?
de Weijer, A. D., Sommer, I., Meijering, A. L., Bloemendaal, M., Neggers, S. W., Daalman, K., & Boezeman, E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.007 · Cited by 30
“…2010; Lee et al., 2005; Poulet et al., 2005; Brunelin et al., 2006; Vercammen et al., 2009), but also studies revealing hardly any difference between active TMS and sham TMS (Schönfeldt-Lecuona et al., 2004; Fitzgerald et al., 2005; Saba et al., 2006; Rosa et al., 2007; Slotema et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBlom, J. D., Looijestijn, J., Goekoop, R., Diederen, K. M. J., Rijkaart, A.-M., Slotema, C. W., & Sommer, I. E. (2011) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000325102 · Cited by 27
fMRI capture of auditory hallucinations: Validation of the two‐steps method
Leroy, A., Foucher, J., Pins, D., Delmaire, C., Thomas, P., Roser, M. M., Lefebvre, S., Amad, A., Fovet, T., Jaafari, N., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23707 · Cited by 25
Insights into hallucinations in schizophrenia: Novel treatment approaches
Aleman, A., & Larøi, F. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.90 · Cited by 24
Thoma, R., Chaze, C., Lewine, J., Calhoun, V., Clark, V., Bustillo, J., Houck, J., Ford, J., Bigelow, R., Wilhelmi, C., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00039 · Cited by 26
“Am J Psychiatry (1990) 147(11):1457–62.”
BackgroundBrandt, S. J., Oral, H. Y., Arellano-Bravo, C., Plawecki, M. H., Hummer, T. A., & Francis, M. (2021) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01046-1 · Cited by 23
“However, administering 1 Hz rTMS to this target had no effect on positive symptoms compared to a structurally defined anatomical target or sham treatment [74].”
Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei der Schizophrenie
Kuhn, J., Bodatsch, M., Sturm, V., Lenartz, D., Klosterkötter, J., Uhlhaas, P. J., Winter, C., & Gruendler, T. O. J. (2011) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1281733 · Cited by 23
“in the largest randomized controlled trial no superiority of TMS compared to placebo has been found (Aleman, Sommer & Kahn, 2007; Slotema et al., 2010; Slotema et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPredicting response to rTMS for auditory hallucinations: Younger patients and females do better
Koops, S., Slotema, C. W., Kos, C., Bais, L., Aleman, A., Blom, J. D., & Sommer, I. E. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.060 · Cited by 22
“We analyzed data from 123 patients who received rTMS, from fi ve previously published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of which patient-level data was available (Bais et al., 2014; De Weijer et al., 2014; Koops et al., 2016; Slotema et al., 2011; Van Lutterveld et al., 2012).”
Wagner, E. M., Honer, W. G., Sommer, I. E., Koops, S., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., Lange, J. J. D.-D., Bais, L., Knegtering, H., Aleman, A., et al. (2020) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2020.1733080 · Cited by 23
“Our results did not show a significant superior effect of active rTMS compared to sham for AH (stimulation of TPC) and NS studies (stimulation of DLPFC) when applied to augment an unsuccessful treatment with clozapine when response rates or symptomatic changes were analysed.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThomas, F., Moulier, V., Valero‐Cabré, A., & Januel, D. (2016) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2016.09.001 · Cited by 21
Reproducibility of brain activation during auditory verbal hallucinations
Diederen, K. M. J., Charbonnier, L., Neggers, S. F. W., van Lutterveld, R., Daalman, K., Slotema, C. W., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.025 · Cited by 19
“Patients were selected for participation from a larger group of patients with chronic hallucinations (Slotema et al., 2011) if they met the following criteria: (1) the presence of two subsequent AVH scans in which (2) intermittent AVH were experienced (i.e., AVH alternated with non-AVH state), (3)…”
Xie, Y.-J., Guan, M.-Z., He, Y., Wang, Z.-H., Ma, Z.-J., Fang, P., & Wang, H.-N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1071769 · Cited by 20
Hearing Safety of Long-Term Treatment with Theta Burst Stimulation
Schraven, S. P., Plontke, S. K., Rahne, T., Wasserka, B., & Plewnia, C. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.10.005 · Cited by 18
Auditory verbal hallucinations: imaging, analysis, and intervention
Homan, P., Kindler, J., Hubl, D., & Dierks, T. (2012) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0355-2 · Cited by 18
“The largest study so far (n = 62) found no difference between verum and placebo TMS on the severity of AVH [21].”
The effect of rTMS on auditory hallucinations: clues from an EEG-rTMS study.
van Lutterveld, R., Koops, S., Schutter, D., Geertsema, E., Stam, C., Kahn, R., & Sommer, I. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.010 · Cited by 17
Xie, Y., Guan, M., Zhang, T., Ma, C., Wang, L., Lin, X., Li, C., Wang, Z., Ma, Z., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03106-4 · Cited by 18
“Studies have highlighted its potential, particularly when administered at low-frequency (typically 1 Hz), to alleviate AVH symptoms [11 – 13], despite some reports of negative fi ndings [14].”
BackgroundSlotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., de Weijer, A. D., Hoek, H. W., & Sommer, I. E. (2011) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.10.005 · Cited by 17
Targeting VMPFC‐amygdala circuit with TMS in substance use disorder: A mechanistic framework
Soleimani, G., Conelea, C. A., Kuplicki, R., Opitz, A., Lim, K. O., Paulus, M. P., & Ekhtiari, H. (2025) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70011 · Cited by 18
Neuroimaging Effects of 1 Hz Right Temporoparietal rTMS on Normal Auditory Processing
Tracy, D. K., de Abreu, M. D. S., Orlov, N. D., Mao, L., Lage, C., & Shergill, S. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000098 · Cited by 16
“The largest (n 1⁄4 62) randomized control trial to date (Slotema et al., 2011), which compared left temporoparietal “treatment as normal” and guided TMS focused on the region of maximal cortical activity when hallucinating–as measured through pre-rTMS functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)–failed to show any sup…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBaliga, S. P., & Mehta, U. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.662976 · Cited by 16
Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., Cárdenas-Morales, L., Moreno-Aguirre, A., Dorn, K., Langguth, B., Brühl, A. B., Kammer, T., & Herwig, U. (2012) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-012-0218-1 · Cited by 15
“This finding suggesting a focal ‘‘hyperexcitability’’ as a pathophysiological correlate of AH prompted a series of studies in which 1 Hz rTMS was successfully used to reduce the severity of hallucinations (Hoffman et al. 1999a, 2005; Hoffman and Cavus 2002; Fitzgerald et al. 2005; Brunelin et al. 2006; Rosa et al. 200…”
BackgroundInfluentialTwice daily low frequency rTMS for treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations
Brunelin, J., Galvão, F., & Mondino, M. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100344 · Cited by 13
“, 2009), 2 delivered 15 sessions (Hoffman et al., 2013; Slotema et al., 2011) and 2 delivered 20 sessions (Blumberger et al.”
BackgroundKronick, J., Sabesan, P., Burhan, A. M., & Palaniyappan, L. K. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.009 · Cited by 13
Zhang, J., Tusuzian, E., Morfini, F., Bauer, C. C. C., Stone, L., Awad, A., Shinn, A. K., Niznikiewicz, M. A., & Whitfield, S. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/2848929 · Cited by 13
“Recent neuromodulatory methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation or electroconvulsive therapy may not be well tolerated and may be limited in effectiveness [8, 9].”
AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS ELICIT SIMILAR BRAIN ACTIVATION IN PSYCHOTIC AND NON-PSYCHOTIC INDIVIDUALS
Sommer, I. E. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70250-5 · Cited by 10
Ning, Y., Zheng, S., Feng, S., Zhang, B., & Jia, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.766736 · Cited by 10
Xie, Y., Li, C., Guan, M., Zhang, T., Ma, C., Wang, Z., Ma, Z., Wang, H., & Fang, P. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26614 · Cited by 8
“…inner speech perception and AVH (Bohlken et al., 2017; Nathou et al., 2015), low-frequency rTMS has demonstrated significant reduction in AVH symptoms among s patients with schizophrenia (Poulet et al., 2005; Vercammen et al., 2009), although some findings are inconclusive (Slotema et al., 2011).”
ResultAbbs, B., Achalia, R. M., Adelufosi, A. O., Aktener, A. Y., Beveridge, N. J., Bhakta, S. G., Blackman, R. K., Bora, E., Byun, M. S., Cabanis, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.024 · Cited by 8
“He reported open label RCT assessing Relapse with Risperidone LAI vs. Oral Quetiapine.”
MethodInfluentialCao, Z.-C., Xiao, X.-Z., Zhao, Y., Jiang, Y.-H., Xie, C., Martinot, M. P., Artiges, E., Li, Z., Daskalakis, Z., Yang, Y., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1079078 · Cited by 10
“Though techniques like neuronavigation have increased the accuracy in locating these ROIs, improvement in treatment efficacy is relatively limited (Slotema et al., 2011).”
BackgroundKim, M., Lee, T. H., Hwang, W. J., Lee, T. Y., & Kwon, J. S. (2018) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059418815228 · Cited by 8
Li, H., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Li, W., & Li, C. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216121 · Cited by 7
“In most patients, AH can be alleviated using antipsychotics, however, 25 to 30% of patients have persistent auditory hallucinations which are not responsive to antipsychotics.([2,4-5]) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasion brain stimulation which has been suggested as a safe and promising tr…”
BackgroundMarras, A., & Pallanti, S. (2013) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2013/930304 · Cited by 10
Blanco-Lopez, M. J., Cudeiro-Blanco, J., Iglesias, G., Gago, A., & Cudeiro, J. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.024 · Cited by 7
“However there remains some controversy and other authors have found that rTMS is no more effective than sham treatment (Slotema et al., 2011).”
BackgroundrTMS deserves a fair chance as a novel treatment for depression
Aleman, A., Slotema, C. W., & Sommer, I. E. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12277 · Cited by 7
Carr, R., Cannon, A., Finelli, V., Bukala, B. R., Cimen, Y., Filipova, P., Cummings, C., Pillinger, T., Howes, O. D., & McCutcheon, R. A. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03255-y · Cited by 6
Deep Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia
Kuhn, J., Bodatsch, M., Sturm, V., Lenartz, D., Klosterkötter, J., Uhlhaas, P. J., Winter, C., & Gruendler, T. O. J. (2014) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/bf03379611 · Cited by 6
“Meta-analyses revealed at best a moderate effect-size of TMS in the treatment of auditory hallucinations, and in the largest randomized controlled trial no superiority of TMS compared to placebo has been found (Aleman, Sommer & Kahn, 2007; Slotema et al., 2010; Slotema et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodSchulz, T., Berger, C., Krecklow, B., Kurth, J., Schwarzenboeck, S. M., Foley, P. B., Thome, J., Krause, B. J., & Hoeppner, J. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1151-5 · Cited by 6
“…found by Hoffman et al. (2013): 17.5 ± 19.3 weeks; Slotema et al. (2012) found in a meta-analysis, however, that benefit was negligible by 4 weeks], as has the degree of placebo response elicited by the procedure (Vercammen et al. 2009; MontagneLarmurier et al. 2011; Slotema et al. 2011, 2012).”
InfluentialPerspectives in Brain Imaging and Computer-Assisted Technologies for the Treatment of Hallucinations
Foucher, J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2_27 · Cited by 6
Time varying dynamics of hallucinations in clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers
Marschall, T. M., Koops, S., Brederoo, S., Cabral, J., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., & Sommer, I. E. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103351 · Cited by 4
“Clinical voice-hearers were selected from another study by our group described in Slotema et al. (2011).”
Illuminating posterior targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation beyond the prefrontal cortex
McCalley, D. M., Sanderson, L. L., Dowdle, L. T., Padula, C. B., Siddiqi, S., Ellard, K. K., & Taylor, J. J. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00433-3 · Cited by 4
Briend, F., Nathou, C., Delcroix, N., Dollfus, S., & Etard, O. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.001 · Cited by 5
Zhong, S., Hu, Y., Fu, Y., Cao, L., & Zhang, B. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038557 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Slotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., de Weijer, A. D., Diederen, K. M., Goekoop, R., Looijestijn, J., Daalman, K., Rijkaart, A.-M., Kahn, R. S., Hoek, H. W., & Sommer, I. E. C.
- Affiliations
- Parnassia Groep (NL)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Slotema, Christina W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 450-456
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098660547
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 9.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NWO ZonMW (Dutch Scientific Research Foundation-Dutch National Institute of Health Research
- Stichting tot Steun (Dutch Support Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- auditory verbal hallucinations, low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, left temporoparietal cortex, sham-controlled treatment, treatment efficacy, psychotic symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Double-Blind Method, Drug Resistance, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Antipsychotic Agents, Treatment Outcome, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
