Contextual fear induced by unpredictability in a human fear conditioning preparation is related to the chronic expectation of a threatening US
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The present study was set up to investigate cued and contextual fear in situations of (un)predictability in a human fear conditioning paradigm. Forty-nine participants were presented with two different contexts (switching on and off the central lighting of the experimental room). In the predictable context, a visual cue (CS1) was systematically followed by an electrocutaneous stimulus (US). In the unpredictable context, CS2 was presented explicitly unpaired with the US. Dependent variables were online US-expectancy ratings and fear-potentiated startle. First, in both measures, the results showed significantly more fear elicited by CS1 than by CS2. Second, larger startle amplitudes during the intertrial intervals demonstrated more contextual fear in the unpredictable than in the predictable context. Hence, these findings illustrate that unpredictability increases contextual fear. Moreover, the US-expectancy ratings during the intertrial intervals were also higher in the unpredictable than in the predictable context. This last finding suggests that a chronic expectation of the threatening US is responsible for sustained levels of anxiety in unpredictable situations.
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Contextual fear conditioning paradigms tap more closely into sustained anxiety states and are more aligned with the experience of generalized anxiety.
“Thus, whereas cued conditioning paradigms serve as strong analogs to fear states, contextual fear conditioning paradigms tap more closely into sustained anxiety states and are more aligned with the experience of generalized anxiety (Vansteenwegen et al., 2008).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Vansteenwegen et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Vansteenwegen, D., Iberico, C., Vervliet, B., Marescau, V., & Hermans, D.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PE)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vansteenwegen, Debora
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-46
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2108482799
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- contextual fear, fear conditioning, unpredictability, US expectancy, fear-potentiated startle, cued fear, anxiety, intertrial interval
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electromyography, Electroshock, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Reflex, Startle
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