Resting heart rate variability predicts safety learning and fear extinction in an interoceptive fear conditioning paradigm
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This study aimed to investigate whether interindividual differences in autonomic inhibitory control predict safety learning and fear extinction in an interoceptive fear conditioning paradigm. Data from a previously reported study (N = 40) were extended (N = 17) and re-analyzed to test whether healthy participants' resting heart rate variability (HRV) - a proxy of cardiac vagal tone - predicts learning performance. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was a slight sensation of breathlessness induced by a flow resistor, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was an aversive short-lasting suffocation experience induced by a complete occlusion of the breathing circuitry. During acquisition, the paired group received 6 paired CS-US presentations; the control group received 6 explicitly unpaired CS-US presentations. In the extinction phase, both groups were exposed to 6 CS-only presentations. Measures included startle blink EMG, skin conductance responses (SCR) and US-expectancy ratings. Resting HRV significantly predicted the startle blink EMG learning curves both during acquisition and extinction. In the unpaired group, higher levels of HRV at rest predicted safety learning to the CS during acquisition. In the paired group, higher levels of HRV were associated with better extinction. Our findings suggest that the strength or integrity of prefrontal inhibitory mechanisms involved in safety- and extinction learning can be indexed by HRV at rest.
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Even if safety cues are available, they are often not recognized.
“Importantly, more recent studies have shown that even if safety cues are available, they are often not recognized (e.g.Maren et al., 2013;Melzig et al., 2009;Pappens et al., 2014;Ruiz-Padial et al., 2003;Wendt et al., 2015).”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Pappens et al., 2014
Not recognizing safety is not restricted to people suffering from stressors or anxiety.
“Moreover, not recognizing safety is not restricted to people suffering from stressors or anxiety (Pappens et al., 2014;Ruiz-Padial et al., 2003;Wendt et al., 2015).”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Pappens et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Pappens, M., Schroijen, M., Sütterlin, S., Smets, E., Van den Bergh, O., Thayer, J. F., & Van Diest, I.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-09-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e105054
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4152223
- OpenAlex
- W2048452923
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- resting heart rate variability, cardiac vagal tone, safety learning, fear extinction, individual differences, skin conductance response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blinking, Conditioning, Classical, Electromyography, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Learning, Male, Reflex, Startle, Young Adult, Interoception
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